Paradigmatic

paradigmatic stylistics : phonetics - italics, capitalisation, repetition of letters, onomatopoeia; morphology - deprsonification; lexicology - Positive: poetic, official, professional. Neutral. Negative: colloquial, neologosims, jargon, slang, nonce-word, vulgar words; syntax - completeness of sentence structure: ellipsis, aposiopesis, one-member nominative sentences, repetition of sentence parts, syntactic tautology, polysydenton. Word order: inversion of sentence members. Communicative types of sentences: quasi-affirmative sentences, quasi-interrogative sentences, quasi-negative sentences, quasi-imperative sentences. Type of syntactic connection: detachment, parenthetic elements, asyndetic subordination and coordination; semantics - hyperbole, meosis, metonymy, metaphor, allusion, personification, antonomasia, allegory, irony.
Detached construction A specific arrangement of sentence members is observed in detachment, a stylistic device based on singling out a secondary member of the sentence with the help of punctuation (intonation). The word-order here is not violated, but secondary members obtain their own stress and intonation because they are detached from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes or even a full stop as in the following cases: "He had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a jeep accident." "Sir Pitt came in first, very much flushed, and rather unsteady in his gait." (Thackeray). The essential quality of detached construction lies in the fact that the isolated parts represent a kind of independent whole thrust into The sentence or placed in a position which will make the phrase (or word) seem independent. But a detached phrase cannot rise to the rank of a primary member of the sentence—it always remains secondary from the semantic point of view, although structurally it possesses all the features of a "primary' member. This clash of the structural and semantic aspects of detached constructions produces the desired effect—forcing the reader to interpret the logical connections between the component parts of the sentence. Logical ties between them always exist in spite of the absence of syntactical indicators. In the English language detached constructions are generally used in the belles-lettres prose style and mainly with words that have some explanatory function, for example: "June stood in front, fending off this idle curiosity — a little bit of a thing, as somebody said, 'all hair and spirit'..." (Galsworthy) Detached construction as a stylistic device is a typification of the syntactical peculiarities of colloquial language. Detached construction is a stylistic phenomenon which has so far been little investigated. A variant of detached construction is p a re n t h e sis, "Parenthesis is a qualifying, explanatory or appositive word phrase, clause, sentence, or other sequence which interrupts syntactic construction without otherwise affecting it, having often % characteristic intonation and indicated in writing by commas, brackets or dashes." In fact, parenthesis sometimes embodies a considerable volume of predicativeness, thus giving the utterance an additional nuance of meaning or a tinge of emotional coloring.
ELLIPSISAn elliptical sentence is such a syntactic structure in which there is no subject, or predicate, or both. The main parts of elliptical sentences are omitted by the speaker intentionally in cases when they are semantically redundant. For example:
- Hullo! Who are you?
- The staff.
Communicative functions. Ellipsis saves the speaker from needless ef-fort, spares his time, reduces redundancy of speech. Elliptical structures may also reveal such speakers' emotions as excitement, impatience, delight, etc. As a stylistic device, ellipsis is an effective means of protagonists' portrayal.
NOMINATIVE (NOMINAL) SENTENCES
A nominative sentence is a variant of one-member structures: it has neither subject nor predicate. It is called nominative or nominal because its basic (head) component is a noun or a noun-like element (gerund, numeral). For example:
Morning. April. Problems.Communicative functions. A sequence of nominative sentences makes for dynamic description of events. Sets of nominative sentences are used to expressively depict the time of the action, the place of the action, the atten-dant circumstances of the action, the participants of the action.
APOSIOPESIS (BREAK-IN-THE-NARRATIVE)
Like ellipsis, aposiopesis is also realized through incompleteness of sentence structure, though this incompleteness is of different structural and semantic nature: it appears when the speaker is unwilling to proceed and breaks off his narration abruptly:
If you go on like this...