Parkinson's Research Paper: Why Men Are More Prevalent to the Disease
THE CAUSES OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE
AND WHY
IT AFFECTS PRODOMINANTLY THE MALE SEX
BY LEANNE JONES
Preceding Degree: BSc Adult (General) Nursing: 2011-2014
Previous Course: Access to Health & Nursing: 2010-2011
Secondary Research Report Presented as Partial Fulfillment to Attain Access to Health & Nursing
Faculty of Health and Nursing at South Essex College
ABSTRACT
Before examining the possible reasons why there appears to be an overwhelming prevalence of PD (Parkinson Disease) in men more than there is in women, it is imperative to this report that one firstly considers the general medical consensus of what the underlining causes of the condition are.
There are a variety of conditions that also affect the central nervous system, which at first glance may appear to be PD; presenting with similar symptoms. The primary cause of symptoms in PD sufferers is due to the reduced levels of Dopamine produced, which acts as a chemical messenger in the brain. The symptoms of PD include a sluggishness of movement, a certain rigidity and tremors, also statistically speaking in 1991 there was, on average, 1 in every 750 people diagnosed with PD.
Many authors recognise that men are almost twice as likely to develop PD as their female counterparts. Therefore the following explores the causes of Parkinson’s disease in order to investigate the possible reasons as to why men are more likely to be affected with condition than women.
-i-
-i-
ATTESTATION
I understand the nature of plagiarism, and am aware of the University’s policy on this project. I therefore certify that this report is based on secondary research material analysed by me during my project. The two main secondary sources are as follows:
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson 's Research (December 21st 2006), Study Suggests Association between High Body Mass Index and Increased Parkinson 's Risk, Reuters Health. Accessed online:
AND WHY
IT AFFECTS PRODOMINANTLY THE MALE SEX
BY LEANNE JONES
Preceding Degree: BSc Adult (General) Nursing: 2011-2014
Previous Course: Access to Health & Nursing: 2010-2011
Secondary Research Report Presented as Partial Fulfillment to Attain Access to Health & Nursing
Faculty of Health and Nursing at South Essex College
ABSTRACT
Before examining the possible reasons why there appears to be an overwhelming prevalence of PD (Parkinson Disease) in men more than there is in women, it is imperative to this report that one firstly considers the general medical consensus of what the underlining causes of the condition are.
There are a variety of conditions that also affect the central nervous system, which at first glance may appear to be PD; presenting with similar symptoms. The primary cause of symptoms in PD sufferers is due to the reduced levels of Dopamine produced, which acts as a chemical messenger in the brain. The symptoms of PD include a sluggishness of movement, a certain rigidity and tremors, also statistically speaking in 1991 there was, on average, 1 in every 750 people diagnosed with PD.
Many authors recognise that men are almost twice as likely to develop PD as their female counterparts. Therefore the following explores the causes of Parkinson’s disease in order to investigate the possible reasons as to why men are more likely to be affected with condition than women.
-i-
-i-
ATTESTATION
I understand the nature of plagiarism, and am aware of the University’s policy on this project. I therefore certify that this report is based on secondary research material analysed by me during my project. The two main secondary sources are as follows:
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson 's Research (December 21st 2006), Study Suggests Association between High Body Mass Index and Increased Parkinson 's Risk, Reuters Health. Accessed online:
Bibliography: * Allison Gandey (2009), Hormones Appear to Protect Women from Parkinson’s, Medscape Nurses LLC. Accessed online: www.medscape.com/viewarticle/590488 Date accessed: 10/01/2011 Boelen. M (2009), Health Professional’s Guide to the Physical Management of Parkinson’s Disease, Champaign, USA: Human Kinetics Brady. K, Back. S & Greenfield. S (2009), Women and Addiction: A Comprehensive Handbook, New York: The Guilford Press Corpus Striatum, Inset Image of fig.1, available at: http://www.thefullwiki.org/Striatum, accessed on: 20.01.11 D’Cruz, H & Jones, M (2002), Social Work Research: Ethical and Political Contexts, London: SAGE Publications. DeLong MR (1990), Primate Models of Movement Disorder of Basal Ganglia Origin, Trends Neurosci, Vol.13, No.7, p.281-5 Demirdamar. R (1998), Dopamine Receptor Subtypes: From Basic Science to Clinical Application, Netherlands: IOS Press Dr Fitzpatrick. J, & Wallace. M (2006), Encyclopedia of Nursing Research, Second Edition, New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Freberg. L (2006), Discovering Biological Psychology, Second Edition, Belmont, USA: WADSWORTH, CENGAGE Learning Kaplan. P (2006), Neurological Disease in Women, Second Edition, New York: Demos Medical Publishing Inc. Oxtoby. M & Williams (1995), Parkinson 's at Your Fingertips: The Comprehensive Parkinson 's Reference Book for the Year 2000, London: Class Publishing Plumb Polit. D, & Beck. T (2004), Nursing Research: Principles and Methods, Seventh Edition, Philadelphia: Lippcott Williams & Wilkins Robson, C (2002), Real World Research, Second Edition, Oxford: Blacwell Publishing. Stommel. M, & Wills. C (2004), Clinical Research: Concepts and Principles for Advanced Practice Nurses, Philadelphia: Lippcott Williams & Wilkins Taylor