Pelvic Limb Angles Research Paper

Measurement of angles of pelvic limb alignment in veterinary orthopedics , recognition of normal skeletal structure and reference range of pelvic limb angles , including anatomical and mechanical angles of the femur and tibia in dogs and comparing measured ranges of patients referred to veterinary clinics with this standard values are significant . Comparing this measurements with reference ranges would make veterinarians capable to make a better diagnosis of different orthopedic disease such as specifying presence and quantitative degree of an angular deformity or dysfunction of limbs and planning suitable treatment and evaluating treatment outcome.
In human orthopedic surgery using standard terminology and reference ranges of intact skeletal
Standardized methods of measurement and terminology of pelvic limb angles in dogs would facilitate comparison of reports of angular deformity .Measured values are used to diagnose, quantify the dysfunctions and plan surgical correction of angular limb deformities of the hind extremity.(Nunamaker D.M. et al , 1973 & Hauptman et al , 1979 & Schwalder , 1981 & Bardet , 1983 & Montavon , 1985 & Hauptman et al , 1985 & Rumph and Hathcock , 1990 & Paley D , 2003 & Dudley RM et al , 2006 & Tomlinson J. et al , 2007 & Swiderski JK et al , 2008 & Petazzoni M , 2008). However , there are some limitation in reference values in veterinary literatures , for example measurements of reference values for the normal femoral angles in dogs are mostly reported for the large breeds (Sarierler , 2004 & Dudley RM et al , 2006 & Tomlinson J. et al , 2007 & Swiderski JK et al , 2008) and there is just few investigations on small breed dogs( C.Soparat et al , 2012) this is while there are many small breed dogs , which further assessment of their reference values , would be effective to make a suitable diagnosis and achieve a better treatment
Vaughan LC , 1978 & Johnson AJ et al , 1994 & Ramadan RO . Vaughan LC , 1979 & Morgan PW, Miller CW , 1994).Physeal damage can occur because of various causes, including trauma , nutritional imbalances , hypertrophic osteodystrophy (metaphyseal osteopathy) , retained cartilage cores, radiation and iatrogenic reasons like improper application of a fixation apparatus(Morgan PW, Miller CW , 1994 & Conzemius MG et al , 1994 & Kettelkamp DB et al , 1988).Abnormal pressure on the distal femoral physis generated by patellar luxation also can cause angular deformity of the femur in dogs(Hulse DA , 1993