Phil

A. World Events that Affected the Philippines

1. Age of Mercantilism/Old Imperialism – 15th - 17th century
2. Age of Exploration
3. Age of Industrial Capitalism/New Imperialism-18th-19th century
4. Industrial Revolution-1750

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM

1. World Events a. Seven Years War (Spain and France vs. England)
-Impact to the Philippines- The British Invasion of Manila –(1762-1764)

b. Development of Liberal Ideas in world events

i. Age of Enlightenment- Rousseau and Voltaire, Locke

-Social Contract Theory – People surrendered the right to rule and protect; maintain individual rights and liberties to the government. These functions must be met by the government because people expect them to perform such duties. If they will not do their duties, people have the right to overthrow their government by withdrawing their support from them.

ii. US Declaration of Independence- (July 4, 1776)

-Britain recognized the independence of the colonies

iii. French Revolution-(1789-1792)

1. Liberty, Fraternity and Equality
2. Fall of the French Monarchy- Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

iv. Latin American War of Independence (1804-1824)

-Impact of the Enlightenment ideas in Latin America
-Independence of Latin American countries from Spain- Haiti, Mexico, Brazil

2. Entry of liberal ideas into the Philippines HOW?

a. Opening of the Suez Canal (1869)

-Linked Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
-Faster transport of goods
-Liberal ideas and philosophy about freedom and democracy entered the Philippines
-Shorter route between Spain and the Philippines

b. The Philippines opened to world trade –(1834-1898)- 19th century event

Manila was linked to other parts of the world- global capitalist network
Relaxation of trade restrictions
Entry of European goods, Philippine goods exported to US and Europe
Entry of foreign commercial houses and banks, British and American merchants
Provincial ports opened- Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo, Zamboanga, Cebu
Development of Philippine Export Trade- cash crops
Development of Commercial Agriculture
Cash Crop economy- abaca, sugar , indigo, tobacco, copra, coconut
Supply raw materials

c. Filipinos studied in Europe - Clase Media- Middle class

3. Liberalism under Carlos Maria de la Torre (1868)

Freedom of Speech
Abolish press espionage

4. Rise of the Middle class-Clase Media –the Ilustrado Class

-From the Principalia, Chinese and Spanish Mestizos classes- Clase Media
-Beneficiaries of new wealth earned thru commercial agriculture
-Family – borrowed money from the foreign banks to plant cash crops
-Some owned lands; others were inquilinos
-Gained education from European schools
-politically and economically powerful
-Rizal family-Chinese Mestizo
-Pardo de Tavera- Spanish Mestizo

5. Secularization Movement-1826-1872

-Nature: Struggle for equality between the secular and the regular clergy
-Regular clergy- belongs to a religious order
- Duty: to go to pagan lands and teach doctrines of the Christian Church and prepare them for baptism. After baptism, leave the area and find another place to convert to Christianity
-Secular- no religious order
-Work: Supervise the day-to-day activity of the converts and see to it that the Church is orderly; teach Christianity to children of converts and strengthen the Christianity of the converts through the sacraments.
-Before 1768-priesthood closed to Filipinos – no moral ascendancy to teach doctrine
-Regulars never left the parishes

Problems of the Church in the Philippines:

-Parish became bigger so they were divided- there’s need for more parish priests
-Dilemma of 1768- Exile of the Jesuits-relegated to missionary works; more parish priests needed
-Solution: Train Filipinos to be secular priests. Open the priesthood to the Filipinos; however; only secular priesthood was opened to them not the regular priesthood because of discrimination of the Spaniards.

-Regular priests refused to undergo visitation-Regulars do not want to undergo visitation.
-Archbishop has no right to visitation only the Provincial superiors.

-Archbishop Sancho de Sta. Justa-asked regular priests to resign and vacate their parishes
-Filipino clergy took over the parishes vacated by the regular priests.

- Regular priests demanded that the parishes must be returned to them-Filipinos do not know how to take care of the parishes

-By virtue of the Royal Order of 1826, the governor –general ordered the transfer of the parishes back to the regular clergy.

-The Secularization Movement developed- to get back the parishes and repeal the Royal Order of 1826

-Two periods of the Secularization Movement

1. Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr. Pedro Pelaez- write to the king of Spain, hire a lawyer and appeal their case to the Spanish monarchy
-Fr. Pelaez- used the pulpit to gain funds
Goal:
Return the parishes to the secular priests
There must be a reform in the Churches in the Philippines; Observe Church visitation strictly; Provide good and adequate training for the Filipino secular priests

2. Fr. Jose Burgos – 1864, Spanish Mestizo
Answered the attacks made to the Filipino clergy and argued that the friars must be disqualified from the ministry of the parishes.
Manifesto que a la noble Nacion Espanola dirigen los leales Filipinos –(Manifesto addressed by the loyal Filipinos to the noble Spanish Nation)
The term Filipino was used for the first time to mean not only to Philippine born Spaniards to also to indios and mestizos.
Burgos identified himself as a Filipino
He defended the natural talent and capacity of the Filipinos
Filipinos are always loyal to the Church

Goal: Nationalist interest; racial equality- equality among the regulars and seculars; Spaniards and Filipinos

Cavite Mutiny- workers of Cavite shipyard dissatisfied -exempted from tribute and polo -1871 –Rafael Izquierdo removed the exemption from tributo and polo -January 1872- Cavite Mutiny
-
-Comite de Reformadores- a reform group that campaigned for equality in law and for civil and political rights
-Members: Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, Jose Burgos, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
- Gom-Bur-Za were linked to the mutiny because of their reform group. Executed for treason-garrote Febuary 17, 1872

-The Secularization Movement- crystallized the things that Filipinos do not get from Spain
-The Struggle was transferred to another group –the Reform Movement and the Ilustrado class

D. The Birth of Philippine Nationalism

-Nationalism- unity, commonality of race, social practices and cultural traits, there is intense love and loyalty for the group; belongs to a single country, united under a single government

-Spanish Period- fragmentation, sectionalism, regionalism, tribalism- due to policies of Spain-Divide-et-Impera; geographic nature of the Philippines

Lack of unity among the natives
Even if they were suffering from the same oppressive Spanish rule
Did not feel that they were a single nation

-The Impact of the British Invasion of Manila- Spain is not invincible; she can be defeated given the right time

- The colonial policies- united the Filipinos as a nation
-Commonality of sufferings- GOMBURZA execution- a turning point
-Filipino sentiments were converted from native regionalism and sectionalism into Filipino nationhood
-Thousands of Filipinos who witnessed the execution-convinced that the three priests were innocent and died as martyrs
-1872 birthday of Philippine Nationalism; caused the unity of the Filipinos, no longer bounded by ethnic affiliations; forgot their tribal, ethnic differences and regional boundaries- Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Visayans
-They joined together as one people fighting for a common cause.
-They felt common sufferings and experiences which was triggered by the GOMBURZA Execution
- The execution was a judicial murder that shocked and opened the eyes of the Filipinos.
-It awakened the sense of nationalism of the Filipinos
- Unity among those against the Spaniards and those against the friars. (Anti-friars and anti-Spaniards
-The Filipinos felt, thought and acted as one nation-

Three Stages/Movements for the Development of Philippine Nationalism:

1. Secularization Movement- start; triggered by the GOMBURZA Execution
2. Reform/Propaganda Movement
3. Katipunan- the climax of these movements because the Katipunan led the 1896 Revolution; It advocated freedom and independence from Spain

E. Nationalist vs. Patriot

-Patriots(Makabayan) vs. Nationalists (Makabansa)- konsepto ng pagmamahal sa bansang Pilipinas; konsepto ng bansa o nasyon

F. Resistance Against the Spain in the Philippines- 16th - 18th Century

-Defiance and Resistance against Spanish Colonial Rule
-Resisted against Christianization, Economic Exploitation and other colonial policies

Forms of Resistance:

1. Indios- Rebellion
2. Infieles-Retreat
3. Moros-Raid

Indios-Rebellion- resisted through rebellion because of various reasons:

1. political -12
2. socio-economic-23
3. religious-16
4. personal grievances-30

1. Political

1. Lakandula-1574-Tondo-overthrow the Spanish Government; resisted against less political freedom
2. Magat Salamat-1587-Tondo-overthrow the Spanish government and establish a kingdom
3. Gaddang-1621-Cagayan- resentment against the reduccion policy
4. Mandayas-1625-Cagayan- resentment against the reduccion policy
5. Magalat-1596- Cagayan- resented the establishment of Spanish Rule and conquest in Cagayan
6. Pedro Ladia- descendant of Lakandula in Bulacan, resented Spanish rule
7. Andres Malong- 1660-1661 –Pangasinan- King of Pangasinan
8. Pedro Almazon-1661-Ilocos- King of Ilocanos

2. Religious

1. Sultan Kudarat – 1635-1663- Sultan of Maguindanao-united the Maguindanao and Sulu sultanates under his leadership and won over the Spaniards
2. Bancao-1821- Leyte- revolt against Catholicism, abandoned Catholic faith, erected sacred places for the diwatas
3. Tapar-1663- Panay-proclaimed himself God Almighty, no need of friars
4. Hermano Pule-1840-1841-Apolinario de la Cruz
Lukban, Quezon; cannot be a priest in Manila; not admitted in an order
Founded a Confraternity- a religious brotherhood
Cofradia de San Jose- Confraternity-preach, organize religious events, assists priests; declared war in the name of religious freedom
Spain and Church did not recognize it ; heretic in nature
Use of anting-anting
King of Tagalogs
5. Samaniego Revolt-1843- Manila- killed Spanish officers because they were angered by the execution of Hermano Pule

3. Socio-Economic and other grievances

1. Juan Sumuroy-1649-1650- Samar- objected to the sending of men to Cavite shipyard
2. Francisco Maniago-1660-1661-Pampanga-resisted against the requisition of men to cut timber for shipbuilding ; non-payment of bandala
3. Francisco Dagohoy- 1744-1829 –Bohol- refusal of priest to give a Christian burial to a man killed in duel
4. Agrarian revolts – land grabbing of friars
a. Bulacan- 1745-1746
b. Batangas-1745-1746
c. Laguna-1745-1746
d. Cavite-1745-1746
e. Rizal-1745-1746
5. Juan de la Cruz-Palaris- 1762-1764-Pangasinan- high land rent and abuses of the local Spaniards
6. Diego and Gabriela Silang- 1762-1763; 1763-1764- Ilocos-set-up an independent government in Vigan; abolish tribute
7. Basi Revolt- 1807- Ilocos Norte- fought against government monopoly of Basi ; not allowed to drink and sell basi

Infieles- Retreat- Stayed in the mountains, withdrawal from towns and went to the mountains and forests away from the pueblos
1. Igorots } indocumentados,
2. Gaddangs } ladrones monteses, Cimarron, remontados
3. Tingguians }
4. Zambals }
5. indigenous peoples }
6. babaylans- bruja; salvaje

Moro -Raids- 1565-1885 – raided Bicol, Ilocos and Visayas; burned towns, kidnapped women, sell hostages, made men warriors, allied with Muslims in Borneo and Celebes to trade; used kris and kampilan as weapons; cannons, vintas