Photosynthesis And Electron Transport Chain Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis is the process of transforming light energy into chemical energy that is used to build carbohydrates. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, sunlight and water are the substrates for this reaction. The conversion of light energy can go through two pathways: noncyclic and cyclic. In noncyclic light transport, both Photosystems II and I are involved producing ATP and NADPH. Photosystem II absorbs 680 nm of light energy, with the oxidation of water; chlorophyll absorbs light, entering an excited state and becomes very unstable. It quickly returns to ground state by releasing the absorbed energy to another chlorophyll. The chlorophyll then oxidizes an electron, which goes into the electron transport chain
…show more content…
Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, occurs in the cytosol. This reaction does not require oxygen, while all the following reactions after this do. Two ATP molecules are invested in the beginning. Two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) are produced with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. By the end of this reaction, two pyruvates (two 3C from 6C of glucose), two NADH and a net profit of two ATPs are produced. Pyruvate oxidation, in the mitochondrial matrix, is where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl coenzyme (CoA) and CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each oxidation. Since two molecules of pyruvates are produced at the end of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation operates twice for every glucose molecule. The end products of this reaction are two CO2 and two Acetyl CoA (acetate bounded to Coenzyme A). The Citric Acid Cycle is composed of eight reactions that also occur in the matrix of the mitochondria. This reaction starts with Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate (OAA). CoA is first release. The Acetyl group is then oxidized to two CO2. OAA is then regenerated and is getting ready to accept another acetate group. Reduction of NAD+, FAD+ and GDP, happen all over this cycle in preparation for the next reaction. Citric acid cycle also operates twice for every glucose molecule. The end products of this reaction are: two GTPs, six NADH, and two FADH. The electron transport chain (ETC) occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH from the citric acid cycle are oxidized which leads to the transport of hydrogen ions across the membrane—this creates a concentration gradient, while O2 is reduced to H2O. In the ATP synthase, hydrogen ions diffuse across the semipermeable membrane and convert the potential energy of the proton gradient into chemical energy in ATP (chemiosmosis). Cellular respiration makes a total of 32
Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, occurs in the cytosol. This reaction does not require oxygen, while all the following reactions after this do. Two ATP molecules are invested in the beginning. Two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) are produced with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. By the end of this reaction, two pyruvates (two 3C from 6C of glucose), two NADH and a net profit of two ATPs are produced. Pyruvate oxidation, in the mitochondrial matrix, is where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl coenzyme (CoA) and CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each oxidation. Since two molecules of pyruvates are produced at the end of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation operates twice for every glucose molecule. The end products of this reaction are two CO2 and two Acetyl CoA (acetate bounded to Coenzyme A). The Citric Acid Cycle is composed of eight reactions that also occur in the matrix of the mitochondria. This reaction starts with Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate (OAA). CoA is first release. The Acetyl group is then oxidized to two CO2. OAA is then regenerated and is getting ready to accept another acetate group. Reduction of NAD+, FAD+ and GDP, happen all over this cycle in preparation for the next reaction. Citric acid cycle also operates twice for every glucose molecule. The end products of this reaction are: two GTPs, six NADH, and two FADH. The electron transport chain (ETC) occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH from the citric acid cycle are oxidized which leads to the transport of hydrogen ions across the membrane—this creates a concentration gradient, while O2 is reduced to H2O. In the ATP synthase, hydrogen ions diffuse across the semipermeable membrane and convert the potential energy of the proton gradient into chemical energy in ATP (chemiosmosis). Cellular respiration makes a total of 32