Photosynthesis Study Guide

Honors Biology
Study Guide
Cells, organelles and Microscopes
1)
* Ocular-Contains a magnifying lens that focuses the image from the objective into your eye. * Body tube- tube that holds eyepiece and connects the objectives. * Turret- part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. * Objectives- increases the magnification used for viewing. * Stage-Supports dish in correct location to lens. * Stage clips- holds down the dish containing the specimen. * Diaphragm- controls the amount of light. * Course focus- focus on the microscope used for focusing the specimen; it moves the stage. * Fine focus- helps the resolution. * Light- enables the organelle to be seen by being adjusted. * Base- holds up the microscope.

2) Starting at a low power lens gives the widest view and makes it easier to find the specimen. At medium power its not as wide, it’s a little more zoomed in. Finding the specimen at high power, without first centering it in the field of view at low power, is hard because it is very blurry. 1. To measure the resolution you multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the multiplication of the lens.
3)
* Nucleus- regulates cell activity. * Nucleolus- contains DNA, assembles Ribosomes. * Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth- does the synthesis of lipids. * Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough- is responsible for protein manufacturing. * Vacuoles- accumulates excess water and pumps it out to pores. * Golgi Apparatus- sorts, packages and transports substances. * Vesicles- * Lysosomes- responsible for digestion of waste materials. * Mitochondria- responsible for the production of ATP (energy). * Chloroplast- responsible for photosynthesis. * Microtubules- * Microfilaments- * Cilia * Flagella- * Cytoplasm-

4) Plant and Animal Cells * Plant cells are rectangular shaped and animal cells are round. * Plant cells have a cell wall and animal cells don’t. * Plant cells have chloroplast and animal cells don’t.

6) Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants- Water, Carbon dioxide, ADP and NADP+
Products- ATP, glucose, Oxygen and NADP+

7) The light dependent reaction captures energy from light then turns ATP to NADPH. This happens in the chloroplast.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Reactants- water, ADP and NADP+
Products- oxygen, ATP and NADPH

8) Photosystem 2- Pigment molecules that harvest light energy to pump proteins. .
Reactants- ATP and Oxygen
Products- NADPH

Photosystem 1- it harvests the photon, passes electron down the electron transport chain and produces NADPH. * They both take place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
9) NADPH and ATP are energy carrier molecules that go to the stroma. They play as reactants in turning carbon dioxide to glucose.
10) Calvin Cycle- Carbon dioxide is reduced and the 3- phosphoglycerate is reduced to 3 glucose. It takes place in the stroma.

13) Cellular Respiration
C6H12O0+O2→CO2 + H2O + energy
Reactants- ADP, NAD+, Glucose and Oxygen
Products- Carbon dioxide, Water and ATD
14) The link between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is an inverse relationship and they are opposites of each other. Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria. Cellular respiration, takes glucose and other organic compounds oxidizing them to create carbon dioxide.
15) Pyruvate, Acetyl- CoA, NADH, ATP and FADH2 are all organic acids.

16) Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm because the molecule is too large to enter mitochondria. Without oxygen the whole process couldn’t happen.
Reactants- ATP, NADH, Pyruvates, CO2, Coenzyme A
Produced- H20, NADH, ATP
17) Krebs Cycle- breaks off remaining 2 carbons after the transition process happens. It occurs in the mitochondria.
Reactants- Acetyl Co-A
Products- 6 NADH+H, 2 FADH2, Carbon Dioxide, ATP

18) Electron Transport Chain and ATP synthesis-
ETC takes place in the membrane of the cristae. NADH drops off electrons and Hydrogen’s at the 1st protein chain. Oxygen is waiting for the electron, attaches to it and creates water.
Reactants-Hydrogen ions, oxygen and NADH,
Products-Water and ATP