Physioex Case Study
Session 1- PhysioEx Exercise 11—Kyle
1. List the following values from Chart 1:
Hematocrit value for healthy male living at sea level in Boston 48
Hematocrit value for healthy female living at sea level in Boston 44
2. Were the values listed in question 1 within normal range? Yes
3. Describe the difference between the male and the female hematocrit for an individual living in Boston. The secretion of erythropoetin from the kidneys stimulates testosterone in males. Erythropoetin makes red blood cells and therefore, more are found in males than in females.
4. List the following values from Chart 1:
Hematocrit value for healthy male living in Denver 55
Hematocrit value for healthy female living in Denver 53
5. How did these …show more content…
values differ from the values for Boston? The Hemocrit was higher in the Boston female and male than compared to that of the Denver female/male.
6. Describe the effect of living at high elevations on a person’s hematocrit. There is less oxygen living at a higher altitude, so in order to have an efficient amount a person needs more RBC
7. Describe how the kidneys respond to a decrease in oxygen and what effect this has on hematocrit. The decrease of oxygen will cause an increase of red blood cell production; in turn the kidneys will produce erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production.
8. List the following values from Chart 1:
Hematocrit value for male with aplastic anemia 33
% WBC for male with aplastic anemia 1%
9. Were the values listed in question 8 within the normal range? Why or why not?
One through four was fairly normal as they’re all healthy. Five, because the person had aplastic anemia, the reading was very low; the lack of bone marrow causes the red blood cell to be very low as well. Six was way below normal because of iron deficiency in this case there could not be enough hemoglobin production.
10. List the following value from Chart 1:
Hematocrit for female with iron-deficiency anemia 32
11. Was the value in question 10 normal or not? Explain. It is not normal as the deficiency in iron causes hemocrit and hemoglobin production to be less.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
The following questions refer to Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.
12. Describe the effect that sickle cell anemia has on the sedimentation rate. The sedimentation rate was much lower than what is normal.
13.
Why do you think that it has this effect? Hint: Sickle cell anemia alters the shape of red blood cells. The hemoglobin takes on an irregular shape that alters the shape of the red blood cells. They change from round (which is normal), to a shape of a doughnut, to the extended shape of a sickle. Sickle cells are pointed and rigid, not like that of normal red blood cells that move effortlessly through the small blood vessels. Sickle cells are apt to get caught in narrow blood vessels which in turn obstructs the progression of blood. Sickle cells have a shorter life span that eventually causes anemia due to the low RBC count. Norman red blood cells survive for 120 days in flow—sickle cells survive only 10 to 20 …show more content…
days.
14. Record the sedimentation rate for a menstruating female. 17
15. How did this value compare to the healthy individual? Why? The sedimentation rate was elevated which is a sign of that this person was experiencing anemia.
16. What was the sedimentation rate for the iron-deficient individual? 40
17. What effect does iron deficiency have on ESR? It signals a higher rate of sedimentation.
18. Record the following values from Chart 2:
ESR for person suffering from a myocardial infarction 40
ESR for person suffering from angina pectoris 5
19. Compare the values in question 18 and explain how they might be used to monitor heart conditions. ESR that is elevated can be a sign of myocardial infarction, whereas normal is a sign of angina pectoris.
20. List some other conditions that ESR is used to monitor. Certain inflammatory diseases like that of rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica as well as sickle cell, some types of cancer and anemia.
21. Describe the ratio of packed cell volume to Hb (hemoglobin) obtained for the healthy male and female subjects. 3 to 1 would be a normal ration
22. Describe the ratio of packed cell volume to Hb (hemoglobin) for the female with iron-deficiency anemia. 5 to 1
23. Is the female with iron-deficiency anemia deficient in hemoglobin? Yes.
24. Is the male with polycythemia deficient in hemoglobin? No
25. Is the female Olympic athlete deficient in hemoglobin? No
26. List conditions in which Hb would decrease. Disorders of the bone marrow, anemia, renal disease, severe hemorrhaging, hyperthyroidism.
27. List conditions in which Hb would increase. Living at a higher altitude, congestive heart failure, COPD.
28. Which blood sample contained the rarest blood type? Three
29.
Which blood sample contained the universal donor? Four
30. Which blood sample contained the universal recipient? Five
31. Which blood sample did not coagulate with any of the antibodies tested? Four. Because Type O-negative blood does not have any antigens. It is referred to as the "universal donor" type as it is well-matched with any blood type and since Type O blood does not contain RBC's with A or B antigens on their surface, there are no agglutinogens.
32. What antibodies would be found in the plasma of blood sample 1? Anti-B
33. When transfusing an individual with blood that is compatible but not the same type, it is important to separate packed cells from the plasma and administer only the packed cells. Why do you think this is done? To lessen the chance of transfused antibodies in agglutinating the red blood cells of the person receiving the transfusion.
34. List which blood samples in this experiment represents people who could donate blood to a person with type B? 0-, 0+, B+
35. Which patient had desirable cholesterol levels? One
36. Which patient(s) had an elevated cholesterol level? Two & four
37. Describe the risks for the patient identified in question 36. Both are at risk for cardiovascular disease, however, patient number 4 is at a higher risk than
two.
38. Which advice would you give patient 4? Why? To change their diet. I would have them cut-out from their meals food that is high in cholesterol. I would also recommend a more rigid exercise regiment. I would recommend this to help them lower their chances of a more serious risk of cardiovascular disease.
39. Describe some reasons why a patient might have abnormally low blood cholesterol.
Severe liver disease, anemia, hyperthyroidism and malnutrition just to name a few.
1. List the following values from Chart 1:
Hematocrit value for healthy male living at sea level in Boston 48
Hematocrit value for healthy female living at sea level in Boston 44
2. Were the values listed in question 1 within normal range? Yes
3. Describe the difference between the male and the female hematocrit for an individual living in Boston. The secretion of erythropoetin from the kidneys stimulates testosterone in males. Erythropoetin makes red blood cells and therefore, more are found in males than in females.
4. List the following values from Chart 1:
Hematocrit value for healthy male living in Denver 55
Hematocrit value for healthy female living in Denver 53
5. How did these …show more content…
values differ from the values for Boston? The Hemocrit was higher in the Boston female and male than compared to that of the Denver female/male.
6. Describe the effect of living at high elevations on a person’s hematocrit. There is less oxygen living at a higher altitude, so in order to have an efficient amount a person needs more RBC
7. Describe how the kidneys respond to a decrease in oxygen and what effect this has on hematocrit. The decrease of oxygen will cause an increase of red blood cell production; in turn the kidneys will produce erythropoietin which stimulates red blood cell production.
8. List the following values from Chart 1:
Hematocrit value for male with aplastic anemia 33
% WBC for male with aplastic anemia 1%
9. Were the values listed in question 8 within the normal range? Why or why not?
One through four was fairly normal as they’re all healthy. Five, because the person had aplastic anemia, the reading was very low; the lack of bone marrow causes the red blood cell to be very low as well. Six was way below normal because of iron deficiency in this case there could not be enough hemoglobin production.
10. List the following value from Chart 1:
Hematocrit for female with iron-deficiency anemia 32
11. Was the value in question 10 normal or not? Explain. It is not normal as the deficiency in iron causes hemocrit and hemoglobin production to be less.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
The following questions refer to Activity 2: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.
12. Describe the effect that sickle cell anemia has on the sedimentation rate. The sedimentation rate was much lower than what is normal.
13.
Why do you think that it has this effect? Hint: Sickle cell anemia alters the shape of red blood cells. The hemoglobin takes on an irregular shape that alters the shape of the red blood cells. They change from round (which is normal), to a shape of a doughnut, to the extended shape of a sickle. Sickle cells are pointed and rigid, not like that of normal red blood cells that move effortlessly through the small blood vessels. Sickle cells are apt to get caught in narrow blood vessels which in turn obstructs the progression of blood. Sickle cells have a shorter life span that eventually causes anemia due to the low RBC count. Norman red blood cells survive for 120 days in flow—sickle cells survive only 10 to 20 …show more content…
days.
14. Record the sedimentation rate for a menstruating female. 17
15. How did this value compare to the healthy individual? Why? The sedimentation rate was elevated which is a sign of that this person was experiencing anemia.
16. What was the sedimentation rate for the iron-deficient individual? 40
17. What effect does iron deficiency have on ESR? It signals a higher rate of sedimentation.
18. Record the following values from Chart 2:
ESR for person suffering from a myocardial infarction 40
ESR for person suffering from angina pectoris 5
19. Compare the values in question 18 and explain how they might be used to monitor heart conditions. ESR that is elevated can be a sign of myocardial infarction, whereas normal is a sign of angina pectoris.
20. List some other conditions that ESR is used to monitor. Certain inflammatory diseases like that of rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica as well as sickle cell, some types of cancer and anemia.
21. Describe the ratio of packed cell volume to Hb (hemoglobin) obtained for the healthy male and female subjects. 3 to 1 would be a normal ration
22. Describe the ratio of packed cell volume to Hb (hemoglobin) for the female with iron-deficiency anemia. 5 to 1
23. Is the female with iron-deficiency anemia deficient in hemoglobin? Yes.
24. Is the male with polycythemia deficient in hemoglobin? No
25. Is the female Olympic athlete deficient in hemoglobin? No
26. List conditions in which Hb would decrease. Disorders of the bone marrow, anemia, renal disease, severe hemorrhaging, hyperthyroidism.
27. List conditions in which Hb would increase. Living at a higher altitude, congestive heart failure, COPD.
28. Which blood sample contained the rarest blood type? Three
29.
Which blood sample contained the universal donor? Four
30. Which blood sample contained the universal recipient? Five
31. Which blood sample did not coagulate with any of the antibodies tested? Four. Because Type O-negative blood does not have any antigens. It is referred to as the "universal donor" type as it is well-matched with any blood type and since Type O blood does not contain RBC's with A or B antigens on their surface, there are no agglutinogens.
32. What antibodies would be found in the plasma of blood sample 1? Anti-B
33. When transfusing an individual with blood that is compatible but not the same type, it is important to separate packed cells from the plasma and administer only the packed cells. Why do you think this is done? To lessen the chance of transfused antibodies in agglutinating the red blood cells of the person receiving the transfusion.
34. List which blood samples in this experiment represents people who could donate blood to a person with type B? 0-, 0+, B+
35. Which patient had desirable cholesterol levels? One
36. Which patient(s) had an elevated cholesterol level? Two & four
37. Describe the risks for the patient identified in question 36. Both are at risk for cardiovascular disease, however, patient number 4 is at a higher risk than
two.
38. Which advice would you give patient 4? Why? To change their diet. I would have them cut-out from their meals food that is high in cholesterol. I would also recommend a more rigid exercise regiment. I would recommend this to help them lower their chances of a more serious risk of cardiovascular disease.
39. Describe some reasons why a patient might have abnormally low blood cholesterol.
Severe liver disease, anemia, hyperthyroidism and malnutrition just to name a few.