James L. Roark's Masters without Slaves is a well-written and solidly-grounded academic study of the ideological and cultural basis of slavery and its eventual transition into the ethos of white supremacy that flourishes in many parts of America to this day. Roark relied heavily on first-hand accounts – letters, diaries, and notebooks – augmented by scholarly works from distinguished historians such as Willie Lee Rose, Charles Roland, Kenneth Stampp, and Eugene Genovese. As the back cover blurb stated, Roark's intention was to “capture reality as the planters knew it.” He succeeded and earned the 1974 Allan Nevins Prize of the Society of American Historians for his efforts. Roark's book reinforces the argument that the American Revolution…
These actions underscored the ideological strength of the Radical Republicans in control of Congress, who continued Lincoln’s belief that American prosperity depended on a strong national government safeguarding equality. However, as early as 1865, some within the party began suggesting that using coercion wasn’t necessary to get the South to recognize the rights of Free Blacks (Ahern). Yet, the emergence of the first Black Codes, limiting personal and political rights, in states like South Carolina and Mississippi, showed the necessity of intervention to prevent people of color from returning to subjugation. On the other hand, the Radical Republican Party’s tight grip on power in some of the Southern States left them vulnerable to attack as being too tough on whites. In Missouri, a border state that was home to numerous Ex-confederates, Radicals removed political and voting rights from all the Ex-Confederates in an attempt to protect their state’s constitution from racism…
“In 1857, the highest court in the United States held that blacks in America possessed no rights, could never become citizens of the United States, and that Congress was powerless to abolish slavery.” (Kaczorowski, p. 45) Was this true? Could slavery really never be abolished? In his article “To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War”, Robert J. Kaczorowski shows the process of the abolishing of slavery in the United States. Kaczorowski discussed the reactions of the Republicans, Democrats, and the Federal Judges on the major political issues of the Civil War, specifically: slavery, civil rights, and who had authority to enforce a solution? While providing information on these topics, he describes the different roles of 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, and the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, some of the many decisions that helped form an exceptional nation.…
Nineteenth-century Brown University president Francis Wayland has been celebrated for his contribution to antislavery arguments on the basis of the Bible. His arguments amount to a “signal moment in American moral history” (Noll 2006) because, more than simply providing a biblical articulation of the injustice of the slave racial regime, they entailed a practical method for its gradual, civil, and nonviolent abolition (Marsden 1996). Taking Francis Wayland’s arguments as a historical case study, this paper shows how his antislavery writings contributed to the production of racialized difference by mapping race as the criteria of tolerable and intolerable violence. This paper therefore aims to complicate the reception of Wayland by attending…
An eight-year-old African American boy sat on the floor of his church. His mother and father were talking quietly in the corner. He only heard pieces of the conversation. Things like “abolitionist” and “segregation” were repeated often. Many questions ran through his head. Questions like ‘Why do the whites have separate churches?’ And ‘Why is my dad not allowed to practice medicine?’ There were 221,000 free blacks in the sixteen Northern states in 1860. That is 4.9% of the African American population. They were called “free”, but did they really have liberty? Free people act as they wish and are unimpeded by others telling them what to do. Based on the political, social and economic rights of blacks in the North, we can conclude that they were not very free in comparison to the whites around them.…
Chapter nine of Howard Zinn’s book explains slavery before and after the Civil War. The majority of the United States Government was in support of slavery until Abraham Lincoln publicized his support for the end of slavery. This chapter includes details of slavery from the accounts of different slaves and records kept about their oppression. Their servitude was preserved through the separation of their families, whipping, and killing.…
An American History points out how much power the president has. He or she can order surveillance on innocent citizens, declare war when threatened, and withhold Americans of a different race (Foner, 1116). With the two previous statements, it is essential to note how a man of a race other than Caucasian had the extreme power of the country in his dark…
This makes that the suppression of the white men over the Natives and Afro Americans is still not fixed. Showing that suppression of groups can leave a mark on the groups that were suppressed for a very long time. Even though slavery among Natives was already happening before the Europeans came to the America’s, the slavery based on race leads to suppression, in which the European thus had the attitude that they were better than the Natives. Besides, Europeans brought the Afro American to the America’s, which led to the suppression by the white men. As Europeans brought Africans to the America’s to do the hard work. Showing how the suppression of both Native And Afro American slaves had let to them to have a…
Although new additions to the Constitution, as well as an increase in social developments, did help to add to a positive revolution, there were some bad aspects of social development such as the KKK and Jim Crow Laws that put a damper on the country. In Document I, the reader is presented with a very famous image in the history of the black race. The overall purpose of this image is to represent southern rebellion or resistance to the developments of reconstruction such as the 14th and 15th Amendments which try to promote equality regardless of race. This image counters the revolution by promoting terrorist-like activities such as lynching and the targeting of helpless victims like the degraded race the freedmen were during this time. The Jim Crow laws created in 1877, which enforced racial segregation, along with the horrific acts as seen in Document I by the KKK demonstrates the anger and continual rebellion of the white citizens which prevented such a wonderful and peaceful revolution in American history from being 100%…
The United States experienced a time period full of changes between the years of 1860 to 1877. During this time period, many constitutional and social developments brought about great change in the country, in both constitutional and social areas. Some constitutional developments that caused conflict include the Emancipation Proclamation, three civil rights bills, and the reconstruction. Meanwhile, some social developments during this period include the Freedmen's Bureau, the Black Codes, and the Ku Klux Klan. Changes that occurred during this time period are staggering, to say the least. These developments from 1860 to 1877 can be considered to have been a revolution.…
Americans often remember the battle cry of Patrick Henry “Give me liberty,” though many forget that with the liberation of America in the 1770s from British control, Black Americans remained in bondage in this nation. The American Revolution revealed the hypocrisy of liberty; as the colonies fought for independence, enslavement remained an integral part of the new nation. Liberation was the idea that men had certain inalienable rights that were deemed “god given.” The problem with having these rights was that they were exclusive to white, land owning men. The segregation of black men specifically allowed the institution of enslavement to scourge the land with fear of…
Polgar. This reading examined the effect of the American Revolution on African Americas through gradual emancipation, and some of the reasons as to why many people were unwilling to keep the promises made to African American. Polgar highlights why the American Revolution has only moderately successful. Polgar states one of the most integral challenges to anti-slavery activist was the question of whether a former slave could ever become a responsible freedmen (To Raise Them to an Equal Participation; page 235). This in my opinion is one of the main drawbacks of the Revolutionary ideology, because it shows that African Americans were seen as a threat to the republic, and could never have a true place in American…
In this day in age, humanity seems to be engulfed in a technological utopia that has continued to evolve from the beginning of time. Since the first instances of industrial development occurred in the nineteenth century, with the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell and the light bulb by Thomas Edison, new and improved innovations continue to progress the world toward an efficient industry. Because this extensive growth of fresh ideas is inevitable with the new wave of millennials approaching, why should the government try to stifle the impossible? Granted, safety precautions need to be implemented to ensure the standard methods of a beneficial structure, however, that does not provide the government with assurance to completely…
In the book the Mugging of Black America, Earl Ofari Hutchinson relays an interesting experience by a reporter. The reporter, who spent two and a half hours watching suspects march before Washington, D.C. Superior Court Judge Morton Berg, noted that all but one of these subjects was Black. He stated, ¡§There is an odd air about the swift afternoon¡Xan atmosphere like that of British Africa in colonial times¡Xas the procession of tattered, troubled, scowling, poor blacks plead guilty or not guilty to charges of drug possession, drug distribution, assault, armed robbery, theft, breaking in, fraud and arson.¡¨ According to Hutchinson, the reporter witnessed more than a courtroom scene; he witnessed the legacy of slavery.…
Cited: Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton. Slavery and the Making of America. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.…