1) What would normally be found within the central canal of the spinal cord?
a) Blood
b) Myelin
c) Cerebrospinal fluid
d) Air
e) Gray matter
2) The filum terminale is
a) The roots of spinal nerves hanging inferiorly from the end of the spinal cord in the vertebral column
b) An indentation on the dorsal side of the spinal cored
c) The tapered end of the spinal cord
d) An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
e) Where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located
3) The cauda equina is
a) The roots of spinal nerves hanging inferiorly from the end of the spinal cord in the vertebral column
b) An indentation on the dorsal side of the spinal cored
c) The tapered end of the spinal cord
d) An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
e) Where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located
4) The dorsal root ganglion is
a) The roots of spinal nerves hanging inferiorly from the end of the spinal cord in the vertebral column
b) An indentation on the dorsal side of the spinal cored
c) The tapered end of the spinal cord
d) An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
e) Where the cell bodies of sensory neurons are located
5) The part of a spinal nerve that contains only efferent fibers is the
a) Dorsal root
b) Ventral root
c) Dorsal ramus
d) Ventral ramus
e) Plexus
6) To do a lumbar puncture, the needle is inserted into the
a) Central canal
b) Sacral plexus
c) Nucleus pulposus
d) Subarachnoid space
e) Gray commissure
7) The nerve that stimulates the diaphragm to contract is the
a) Median nerve
b) Phrenic nerve
c) Sciatic nerve
d) Radial nerve
e) Second intercostals nerve
8) All of the following arise from the brachial plexus except the
a) Axillary nerve
b) Phrenic nerve
c) Radial nerve
d) Ulnar nerve
e) Median nerve
9) The endoneurium is the
a) Lining of the central canal of the spinal cord
b) Space between the pia mater and the spinal cord
c) Connective tissue surrounding an individual axon
d) Connective tissue surrounding an entire nerve
e) Group of neurons forming a spinal tract
10) The spinal cord is suspended in the middle of its dural sheath by
a) Ascending spinal tracts
b) The cauda equine
c) Cerebrospinal fluid
d) Denticulate ligaments
e) Epidural fat
11) The Subdural space normally contains
a) Fat
b) Interstitial fluid
c) Cerebral spinal fluid
d) Blood
e) Air
12) Neurons that transmit impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system are called
a) Motor neurons
b) Association neurons
c) Bipolar neurons
d) Sensory neurons
e) Efferent neurons
13) The innermost layer of the Meninges is the
a) Dura mater
b) Arachnoid
c) Pia mater
d) Gray commissure
e) Conus medullaris
14) Ascending tracts contain
a) Motor neurons
b) Sensory neurons
c) Cerebrospinal fluid
d) Only cell bodies
e) Only Unmyelinated axons
15) The spinal cord is continuous with the
a) Occipital bone
b) Cerebral cortex
c) Medulla oblongata
d) Thalamus
e) Coccyx
16) All of the following would be examples of autonomic reflexes except
a) Rising heart rat as blood pressure drops
b) Contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract to p7uch food along
c) Secretion of hormones from the adrenal medulla during stress
d) Contraction of the quadriceps femoris with the patellar tendon is stretched
e) Dilation of blood vessels in the skin when body temperature increases
17) The contra lateral reflex that helps you maintain your balance when the flexor reflex is initiated is the
a) Stretch reflex
b) Tendon reflex
c) Crossed extensor reflex
d) Abdominal reflex
e) Patellar reflex
18) Slight stretching of the skeletal muscle spindles will initiate a (n)
a) Autonomic reflex
b) Somatic reflex arc
c) Muscle contraction
d) Visceral reflex
e) All answers are correct
19) Stepping on a tack may stimulate the
a) Crossed extensor reflex
b) Flexor reflex
c) Spinal reflex
d) Intersegmental reflexes
e) All answers are correct
20) In an adult, curling under of all the toes in response to gentle stroking of the lateral outer margin of the sole is
a) Normal
b) A positive Babinski sign
c) Indicative of damage to the corticospinal tract
d) Both A and B are correct
e) Both B and c are correct
21) The branches of spinal nerves that form networks called plexuses are the
a) Dorsal roots
b) Ventral roots
c) Dorsal rami
d) Ventral rami
e) Rami communicantes
22) The falx cerebri is
a) The deep groove between the precentral and post central gyri
b) The lobe of the cerebrum not visible on the surface
c) An extension of the dura mater separating the cerebral hemispheres
d) An extension of the dura mater separating the Cerebellar hemispheres
e) An ex tension of the dura mater separating the c cerebrum from the cerebellum
23) The blood-brain barrier does not prevent passage of
a) Any hormones
b) Most bacteria
c) Vitamins
d) Red blood cells
e) Lipid-soluble substances
24) The brain stem is made up of the
a) Cerebellum, pons and hypothalamus
b) Medulla oblongata, thalamus and midbrain
c) Medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and pons
d) Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
e) Midbrain, hypothalamus and thalamus
25) The function of a choroid plexus is to
a) Receive sensation from the viscera
b) Send motor impulses to the diaphragm
c) Produce cerebrospinal fluid
d) Reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid
e) Transmit impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
26) The function of Arachnoid villi is to
a) Receive sensation from the viscera
b) Send motor impulses to the diaphragm
c) Produce cerebrospinal fluid
d) Reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid
e) Transmit impulses from one cerebral hemisphere to the other
27) The blood-CSF barrier is composed of
a) Astrocytes
b) Oligodendrocytes
c) Myelin
d) Dense irregular connective tissue
e) Ependymal cells
28) Damage to the cerebellum would result in
a) Loss of memory
b) Uncoordinated movement
c) Inability to dream
d) Altered pituitary function
e) Uncontrolled body temperature
29) The reason hydrocephalus is so dangerous is that
a) Too many toxic products flood the brain
b) Excess cerebrospinal fluid puts pressure on neurons damaging them
c) The brain dehydrates
d) Bacterial can grow more easily in accumulated fluid
e) It causes excessive release of hormones from the hypothalamus
30) A sudden noise occurs behind you and you turn around in response. This is a reflex, which is the responsibility of the
a) Substantia nigra
b) Medial lemniscus
c) Superior colliculi
d) Inferior colliculi
e) Basal ganglia
31) The satiety center is located in the
a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Epithalamus
d) Basal ganglia
e) All are correct
32) Basal ganglia contain the following ganglia except
a) Globus pallidus
b) Putamen
c) Amygdala
d) Caudate nucleus
e) All are part of the basal ganglia
33) Releasing hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland are produced by the
a) Pineal gland
b) Thalamus
c) Hypothalamus
d) Medulla oblongata
e) Corpus callosum
34) Patterns of sleep are established by the
a) Hypothalamus
b) Substantia nigra
c) Corpora quadrigemina
d) Pyramids
e) Arbor vitae
35) The cerebral hemispheres are connected internally by the
a) Intermediate mass
b) Basal ganglia
c) Corpus callosum
d) Arachnoid villi
e) Habenular nuclei
36) The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is located in the
a) Frontal lobe
b) Temporal lobe
c) Occipital lobe
d) Parietal lobe
e) Insula
37) Damage to the Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone would most likely result in loss of
a) Vision
b) Sensations to the side of the face
c) The sense of smell
d) The ability to speak
e) Equilibrium
38) A cerebral vascular accident is also referred to as a
a) Coronary
b) Heart attack
c) Stroke
d) Dementia
e) All answers are correct
39) Temporary cerebral dysfunction including dizziness, weakness, etc is referred to as
a) Cerebral vascular accident
b) Stroke
c) Transient ischemic attack
d) Alzheimer’s disease
e) All answers are correct
40) At autopsy, the brains of Alzheimer’s disease will show the following:
a) Loss of neurons that secrete acetylcholine
b) Beta-amyloid plaques
c) Neurofibrillary tangles
d) All are correct
41) Conscious awareness of external or internal stimuli defines the
a) Autonomic nervous system
b) Motor nervous system
c) Sensory nervous system
d) Peripheral nervous system
42) The conscious awareness and interpretation of sensation is called
a) Modality
b) Transduction
c) Reception
d) Perception
e) Conduction
43) Which of the following is not considered a special sense?
a) Smell
b) Vision
c) Pain
d) Taste
e) Equilibrium
44) A stimulus that elicits a receptor potential causes
a) Direct release of neurotransmitter via exocytosis from synaptic vesicles
b) Conduction of a nerve impulse along a first-order sensory nerve fiber
c) Initiation of an action potential in the receptor
d) A sub-threshold generator potential
e) Reuptake of neurotransmitter from the extracellular fluid
45) Exteroreceptors include all of the following except
a) Vision
b) Joint position
c) Taste
d) Smell
e) Touch
46) Free nerve endings are
a) Bare dendrites
b) Base axons
c) Encapsulated nerve endings
d) Nonencapsulated nerve endings
e) All are correct
47) All of the following would be sensed by mechanoreceptors except
a) Hearing
b) Pressure
c) Touch
d) Equilibrium
e) Light
48) During a maintained, constant stimulus, a generator potential or a receptor potential decreases in amplitude in a phenomenon known as
a) Adaptation
b) Transduction
c) Propagation
d) Perception
e) Integration
49) Tactile sensations other than itch and tickle are detected by
a) Free nerve endings
b) Encapsulated mechanoreceptors
c) Special senses
d) Encapsulated proprioceptors
e) Nociceptors
50) An afferent neuron is a
a) Motor neuron
b) Sensory neuron
c) Neuromuscular junction
d) All autonomic neurons
e) All are correct
51) Lower motor neurons whose cell bodies are in nuclei in the brain stem stimulate
a) Upper motor neurons
b) Interneurons
c) Movements of the face and head
d) Movements of limbs
e) Parts of the cerebellum
52) G proteins activated by binding of odorant molecules to olfactory receptors cause
a) Exocytosis of neurotransmitter
b) Activation of adenylate cyclase
c) Influx of calcium ions
d) Bending of olfactory hairs
e) Hyperpolarization of olfactory neurons
53) First-order olfactory neurons synapse with second-order neurons in the
a) Olfactory epithelium
b) Cribriform plate
c) Olfactory tract
d) Temporal lobe
e) Olfactory bulbs
54) Olfactory sensations reach the brain via
a) Cranial nerve I
b) Cranial nerve II
c) Cranial nerve VII
d) Cranial nerve VIII
e) Spinal nerves C1
55) In order for a substance to be tasted, it must be
a) A partially denatured protein
b) Of a pH below 7
c) An ionic compound
d) Dissolved in saliva
e) Both C and D are correct
56) Most impulses related to gustatory sensations arising on the tongue are conveyed to the brain via
a) Cranial nerve I
b) Cranial nerve II
c) Cranial nerve VII
d) Cranial nerve VIII
e) Spinal nerve C1
57) The Lacrimal apparatus produces
a) Sweat
b) Sebum
c) Aqueous humor
d) Tears
e) Both C and D are correct
58) Lacrimal fluid contains a protective bacterial enzyme called
a) Isoenzyme
b) Lysozyme
c) Isozyme
d) All are correct
59) Intraocular pressure is produced mainly by
a) Aqueous humor
b) Vitreous humor
c) Constriction of the pupil
d) Lacrimal secretions
e) Photopigments
60) The spaces anterior to the lens are filled with
a) Aqueous humor
b) Vitreous humor
c) Photoreceptors
d) Lacrimal gland secretions
e) Air
61) The retina is held in place by the
a) Optic disc
b) Vitreous body
c) Ciliary muscle
d) Bipolar neurons
e) Iris
62) Photoreceptors are located in the
a) Choroid
b) Cornea
c) Iris
d) Retina
e) Sclera
63) For sharpest visual acuity, light rays must be refracted so that they
a) Change wavelength to fall within the visible range
b) Stimulate constriction of the pupil
c) Turn Photopigments in the lens into their colorless form
d) Hit the melanin in the choroid
e) Fall directly on the central fovea
64) The central fovea is a small depression in the center of the
a) Macula lutea of the retina
b) Optic disc of the retina
c) Lens
d) Cornea
e) Vitreous b body
65) Which of the following occurs when trying to focus on a close object?
a) Relaxation of the ciliary muscle to flatten the lens
b) Relaxation of the ciliary muscle to make the lens more convex
c) Contraction of the ciliary muscle to flatten the lens
d) Contraction of the ciliary muscle to make the lens more convex
e) Contraction of the ciliary muscle to increase the diameter of the pupil
66) Which of the following is formed directly from vitamin A?
a) Rhodopsin
b) Lumirhodopsin
c) Metarhodopsin
d) Retinal
e) Retinoic cid
67) Suffering from Vitamin A deficiency leads to
a) Tunnel vision
b) Glaucoma
c) Night blindness
d) Color blindness
e) Astigmatism
68) The characteristic shared by photopigments in rods and cones that they all
a) Contain the same opsin molecule
b) Respond to the same wavelengths of light
c) Contain retinal as the light-absorbing molecule
d) Both A and C are correct
e) A,B, and C are correct
69) The optic nerve is made up of the
a) Axons of the rods and cones
b) Axons of the bipolar cells
c) Axons of the ganglion cells
d) Dendrites of the bipolar cells
e) Dendrites of the ganglion cells
70) What happens at the optic chiasma?
a) Rods stimulate bipolar cells
b) The optic nerve exits the eye
c) Visual input is perceived
d) The optic nerves cross
e) Aqueous humor is re absorbed
71) The neurotransmitter in rods is
a) Acetylcholine
b) Substance P
c) Glutamate
d) Dopamine
e) Epinephrine
72) The ossicles are the major structures of the
a) External ear
b) Middle ear
c) Vestibule
d) Cochlea
e) Auditory regions of the cerebrum
73) First-order sensory neurons of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve terminate in the
a) Thalamus
b) Occipital lobe
c) Basilar membrane
d) Medulla oblongata
e) Vestibular branch
74) Which one of the following sequences correctly traces the sound wave across the middle ear: - 1. tympanic membrane 2. malleus 3. incus 4. stapes 5. oval window
a) 5,4,2,3,1
b) 1,2,3,4,5
c) 2,4,5,1,3,
d) 3,1,4,2,5
e) 4,5,1,2,3
Use the following choices for questions 75 – 79.
A. arachnoid B. dura mater C. pia mater D. dorsal root ganglion E. receptor
F. integration center G. effector H. sympathetic ganglia I. Prevertebral ganglia
75) _________Middle layer of the Meninges
76) _________Innermost layer of the Meninges
77) _________The cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons are located in
78) _________Changes in the environment are sensed by the component of a reflex are known as the________
79) _________In a somatic reflex, skeletal muscle is the _______________________
Use the following choices for questions 80 – 85.
A. Cranial nerve IV B. Cranial nerve X C. Cranial nerve VIII D. Cranial nerve III
E. Cranial nerve XII F. Cranial nerve XI
80) _________Vestibulocochlear
81) _________Vagus
82) _________Hypoglossal
83) _________Trochlear
84) _________Oculomotor
85) _________Accessory
Use the following choices for questions 85 – 90.
A. midbrain B. medulla oblongata C. thalamus D. cerebellum
E. Epithalamus F. hypothalamus G. Pons
86) _________Primary respiratory center
87) _________Associated with cerebral peduncles
88) _________Relays most sensory input
89) _________Regulates posture and balance
90) _________Associated with the pineal body
91) The upfolds of cerebral gray matter are know as ______________________
92) The ______________________________is a stalk-like structure that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
93) The _____________________have the primary role in maintenance of dynamic equilibrium
94) The anatomical name for the eyelids is the _________________________
95) The hole in the center of the iris is the ___________________________
96) The first point of refraction as light passes into the eye is the _____________________________
97) The external auditory meatus and the middle ear are separated by the ___________________________
98) Gustatory cells are located in the ____________________________
99) The fluid inside the cochlear duct is ___________________________
100) The gland protected inside the sella tursica is the ____________________________________
ANSWERS:
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. E
5. B
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. D
13. C
14. B
15. C
16. D
17. C
18. B
19. E
20. A
21. D
22. C
23. E
24. D
25. C
26. D
27. E
28. B
29. B
30. D
31. B
32. C
33. C
34. A
35. C
36. A
37. C
38. C
39. C
40. D
41. C
42. D
43. C
44. A
45. B
46. A
47. E
48. A
49. B
50. B
51. C
52. B
53. E
54. A
55. D
56. C
57. D
58. B
59. A
60. A
61. B
62. D
63. E
64. A
65. D
66. D
67. C
68. C
69. C
70. D
71. C
72. B
73. D
74. B
75. A
76. C
77. D
78. E
79. G
80. C
81. B
82. E
83. A
84. D
85. F
86. F
87. A
88. C
89. D
90. E
91. Gyri
92. Infundibulum
93. Crista
94. Palpebrae
95. Pupil
96. Cornea
97. Tympanic membrane
98. Taste bud
99. Endolymph
100. Pituitary gland
You May Also Find These Documents Helpful
-
C. What was unique about the dorsal root ganglion compared to the other two slides?…
- 505 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
17) The right and left sides of the gray matter of the spinal cord are linked by what structure?…
- 544 Words
- 3 Pages
Powerful Essays -
1. Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration in the blood is called _CYANOSIS________.…
- 1038 Words
- 5 Pages
Good Essays -
• The plate that is densely branched. This allows them to attach to many muscle fibers.…
- 502 Words
- 2 Pages
Good Essays -
a. Pterygoid b. Infrahyoid c. Auricularis d. Suprahyoid e. hyoglossus 4. If abdominal muscles are contracted while the vertebral column is fixed this will aid in a. vomiting. b. childbirth. c. urination. d. defecation.…
- 756 Words
- 4 Pages
Good Essays -
A. Protrusion of the disk material may impinge on nerve roots that exit through intervertebral foramina.…
- 2375 Words
- 10 Pages
Good Essays -
Sketch your observations through the microscope of the neuron, the ox spinal cord smear, and the teased myelinated nerve.…
- 1503 Words
- 7 Pages
Good Essays -
The level is C5-T1 cervical nerves. The specific spinal nerve would belong to the brachial plexus, the ulnar nerve.…
- 739 Words
- 3 Pages
Good Essays -
A hollow dorsal nerve cord just beneath the dorsal surface of the animal. In vertebrates this differentiates into the brain and spinal cord.…
- 2061 Words
- 9 Pages
Better Essays -
These plexi help enhance and coordinate many functions such as muscle contraction, maintenance of body coordination and control, reaction to sensation etc. The sacral plexus comprises of spinal levels from L4-S4 and innervates the pelvis, genitals, thighs, buttocks, calves and feet. The sacral plexus lies in the back of the pelvis, between the piriformis muscle and the pelvis fascia and nerves coming from this plexus converge toward the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen and unite to form a flattened band, which continues primarily as the sciatic nerve. All nerves that root from the plexus either have anterior or posterior divisions and the posterior division has less nerves than the anterior. The posterior division contains the superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1), inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2) and the nerve to piriformis (S1, S2). The anterior division contains the nerve to quadratus femoris (L4-S1), the nerve to obturator internus ( L5-S2), the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve ( S1-S3), Pudendal (S2-S4) and Coccygeal (S5-Co1). The sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body, is a combination of two nerves: the tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve. The tibial nerve (L4-S3), comes from the anterior division and branches off into the medial and lateral plantar nerves and the common fibular nerve (L4-S2), comes from the posterior division of the plexus and branches off into the superficial and deep nerves. These come together to make the sacral…
- 2413 Words
- 10 Pages
Good Essays -
References: Briggs, J. R., and Freehafer, A. A. 1967 : Fusion of the Charcot spine. 53: 83-93,…
- 4155 Words
- 17 Pages
Better Essays -
3. Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?…
- 2882 Words
- 12 Pages
Good Essays -
1. Your visual receptors have begun to receive, translate, and transmit the contours of the letters on this exam to your brain. You are therefore engaged in the process of _____.…
- 863 Words
- 4 Pages
Good Essays -
There are thirty-one pairs of peripheral spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord. The sensory spinal nerves are connected to the cord at the back or dorsal part. In fact, there are two (left and right) dorsal roots through which sensory information enter into the spinal cord. The motor spinal nerves are connected to the cord…
- 362 Words
- 2 Pages
Good Essays -
Three different general types of spinal cord models consist of contusion, compression and transection \cite{rosenzweig2004}. Each model contains the different advantages and disadvantages depending on the observing study.…
- 382 Words
- 2 Pages
Satisfactory Essays