Pre IB Chem study guide
Chemistry
All about matter
There are three different stages of matter: Solid, Liquid and Gas
Solid (s): Have a certain volume and shape. “Particles” are arranged in a specific crystalline patter and they only vibrate around fixed positions.
Liquid (l): Have a fixed volume, but not shape. The particles have some freedom and can move around each other. They collide often.
Gas (g): Doesn’t have a fix volume or shape. (Takes up the space where it is) Particles move freely in all space available and collide less often.
(Two other state of matter exist: Plasmas and Bose-Einstein Condensates)
(s) > (g) = sublimation
(s) > (l) = melting
(l) > (g) = boiling
(l) > (s) = freezing
(g) > (s) = reverse sublimation
(g) > (l) = condensation
Dry ice (carbon dioxide: CO2) goes from solid straight to gas.
Elements, compounds and mixtures
Element = grundämne
Only contains one type of atoms. E.g. Helium (He), Sulphur (S), Hydrogen (H), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O)
Elements can be divided into metals, non-metals and half metals. Have different physical properties.
Metals: Have high melting and boiling points, have metal “shine”, high densities and are good conductors of electricity and heat.
Non-metals: Majority have low melting and boiling points (except Carbon (C), Phosphorous (P), Sulphur (S)). They have low densities and do not conduct heat or electricity (except carbon as graphite).
Molecules
E.g. of molecules: Hydrogen H2, Water H2O, Oxygen O2, Carbon dioxide CO2, Glucose C6H12O6, Ethanol C2H5OH
All molecules are made up of more than one atom.
Made up of one or more non-metals.
Some are monoatomic, diatomic or triatomic.
Monoatomic: Only one atom in the molecule. Noble gases
Diatomic: Two atoms. E.g. CO, H2, N2
Triatomic: Three atoms. E.g. CO2, H2O
Compounds
Pure substances produced during chemical reactions between two or more elements/compounds.
E.g. 2H2 (g) (hydrogen) + O2 (g) -> 2H2O (l)
All about matter
There are three different stages of matter: Solid, Liquid and Gas
Solid (s): Have a certain volume and shape. “Particles” are arranged in a specific crystalline patter and they only vibrate around fixed positions.
Liquid (l): Have a fixed volume, but not shape. The particles have some freedom and can move around each other. They collide often.
Gas (g): Doesn’t have a fix volume or shape. (Takes up the space where it is) Particles move freely in all space available and collide less often.
(Two other state of matter exist: Plasmas and Bose-Einstein Condensates)
(s) > (g) = sublimation
(s) > (l) = melting
(l) > (g) = boiling
(l) > (s) = freezing
(g) > (s) = reverse sublimation
(g) > (l) = condensation
Dry ice (carbon dioxide: CO2) goes from solid straight to gas.
Elements, compounds and mixtures
Element = grundämne
Only contains one type of atoms. E.g. Helium (He), Sulphur (S), Hydrogen (H), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O)
Elements can be divided into metals, non-metals and half metals. Have different physical properties.
Metals: Have high melting and boiling points, have metal “shine”, high densities and are good conductors of electricity and heat.
Non-metals: Majority have low melting and boiling points (except Carbon (C), Phosphorous (P), Sulphur (S)). They have low densities and do not conduct heat or electricity (except carbon as graphite).
Molecules
E.g. of molecules: Hydrogen H2, Water H2O, Oxygen O2, Carbon dioxide CO2, Glucose C6H12O6, Ethanol C2H5OH
All molecules are made up of more than one atom.
Made up of one or more non-metals.
Some are monoatomic, diatomic or triatomic.
Monoatomic: Only one atom in the molecule. Noble gases
Diatomic: Two atoms. E.g. CO, H2, N2
Triatomic: Three atoms. E.g. CO2, H2O
Compounds
Pure substances produced during chemical reactions between two or more elements/compounds.
E.g. 2H2 (g) (hydrogen) + O2 (g) -> 2H2O (l)