On August 3, 1981, nearly 13,000 of the 17,500 members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) staged a walk out and strike. There were four main reasons the union members of PATCO decided to go on strike. First, to address the concerns by members who felt that their work was seriously undervalued and under-rewarded. The second reason was that the Federal Aviation Administration had neglected serious deficiencies in staffing and hardware reliability. Thirdly, their work week was unreasonably long, especially when compared to controllers overseas. The fourth reason for the strike was the FAA’s (FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION) approach to management-union relations and the safety of the system.…
Soviet intelligence services went on watchful in 1981 to observe for US preparations for initiating a shocking nuclear hit against the USSR and it allies. This warning was escorted by a new Soviet intelligence collection program, known by the acronym RYAN, to observe signals and provide early warning of US target. Two years later a major war scare exploded in the USSR and this study traces the beginning and capacity of Operation RYAN, its relationship to the war scare and Reagan administration's strategic defense initiative (SDI) heightened Cold War tensions.…
The first critical piece of foreign policy done by the Carter administration was the passing of the SALT II treaty later in the administration. It was the first treaty that successfully passed after these talks, and it stated, “Declaring their intention to undertake in the near future negotiations further to limit and further to reduce strategic offensive arms.” (The Government of the United States) The treaty was explicit in demanding the reduction of all aspects of the Soviet Union and United States’ nuclear capability. In addition, it was the result of mutual understanding, which is contained in the full title of the treaty resulting from both nations comprehending the dangers of large nuclear arsenals. Continuing,…
Communism was slowly building up in the time after the Vietnam War. Soviet Union and the US were splitting up their alliance and most countries were still bouncing back after the recession. Ronald Reagan one the most iconic presidents to sit in the oval office was president at the time. Reagan’s skills got tested from the very start. Few days into his first term there was a huge bombing in Lebanon and just days after that a small Caribbean island started to lose its socialist views and gained communist ones. Reagan believed that dealing with the small island, Grenada, was equal value as dealing with the bombing. Much of the US was tentative on supporting their leader and his military after the US involvement in Vietnam. All faith in the US…
The Great Depression caused many problems for the United States. Because of the incredibly low economy, citizens were struggling to get by. The stock market had just crashed, so many people became unemployed and people’s debt started increasing. After Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president, his administration created agencies to try and combat the economic despair. The responses of FDR’s administration to the Great Depression helped try to improve the economy as a whole, but were more effective in providing relief for the Americans rather than fixing the overall depression.…
This program was presented to the Americans by President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 in a television address. Reagan described a program that would “intercept and destroy strategic ballistic missiles before they reached our own soil” (“Reagan’s Star Wars” 2). The program originally was assumed as a perfect defense against ICBM attacks. The system would necessitate tremendously advanced technology to intercept any nuclear warheads (“Strategic Defense Initiative” 1). An ICBM has three levels of flight; the boost phase, the midcourse phase, and the terminal phase. With the SDI program, a laser weapon would be used to destroy ICBMs in the boost phase. In ground-based, continental weapons could be used to destroy ICBMs in midcourse phase, and ground-based beam weapons and missile interceptors could be used to destroy ICBMs in the terminal phase. As the program became more realistic and ambiguous, the necessary items for the weapons diminished. Therefore, the initial focus on space-based directed laser weapons gradually shifted toward interest in ground-based kinetic energy weapons. This program was nearly impossible and could never be accomplished, but it frightened the Soviets. The Soviet Union and the United States were in a race to see who was better, and since we were building these defense systems, the Soviets had to build them too. The U.S. had more money than the U.S.S.R.,…
Ronald Reagan was elected as president of the United States in 1981. A plan started in 1982, an idea was released to have parts of the CIA to help the Afghans in beating the Soviets in the Iraq war in supplying them with goods and training. It is known that in 1984 a director of the US CIA wanted Afghans to learn to strike missiles and learn war tactics to fight against the soviets. They wanted to this be a covert operation, they didn't want any other countries to know that the U.S. was helping Iraq. Reagan wanted to train the Afghans hard because he thought there would be a large soviet response.…
migrations , south and west regions increase growth after 1950 , higher rate more demand.…
In 1980 there has been reports of rare cases of cancer and pneumonia among Gay men in San Francisco and New York. By 1982 this became so prominent that the disease acquired nick names such as “gay cancer”, “gay compromise syndrome”, and “gay related immune deficiency”. In 1982 it had been referred to as AIDS for the first time in September of 1982 when there was an average of two reported cases per day. The disease was not just affecting homosexuals, but heterosexuals as well who had bad blood transfusions or use of infected needles.…
Then just two years later he ran for public office and beat incumbent Edmund Brown Sr. by almost a million people to win Governorship in California(was re elected for a second term). He then ran against Jimmy carter in 1980 and defeated him by a landslide winning 51% of the popular vote(was re elected again for a second term). In presidency he brought forth “reaganomics” which was a tax cut legislation to spur growth and boost the economy in response to the shooty economics America was going through at the time. By 1983 his policy worked and economics were considered to be in a prosperous time. He also appointed the first woman to the U.S. supreme court, Sandra Day O’Connor. Reagan for foreign affairs dealt in a time of the height of the cold war so he created the Reagan Doctrine in which it provided aid to anti-communist groups in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 1983 he announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) a plan to develop space based weapons to help protect against Soviet Nuclear Missiles. “Also on the foreign affairs front, Reagan sent 800 U.S. Marines to Lebanon as part of an international peacekeeping force after Israel invaded that nation in June 1982” (history.com). Later on he then signed a deal with Mikhail…
James Earl Carter Jr. had become the 39th president of the United States in 1976. The Democrat and once Georgia senator had promised to bring a fresh, new approach to the White House in hopes to break people's doubts about the presidency that were left from the Nixon/Ford era. In the election of 1976 Carter squeaked by the republican, Gerald Ford by a 49.9% vote to a 46.9% vote.…
In the speech that President Jimmy Carter preached he regarded plenty of important things, but one of the main ones was the issue with the energy. 0n his speech he says that one thing he has been asking himself is “why hasn’t the nation been able to resolve the serious energy problem?” (109) The whole nation is responsible for this issue and just like the President addressed saying that” it wasn’t only the gasoline lines or energy shortages, deeper even than inflation or recession” (109), it was way more things that came along with an energy problem. The president knew he couldn’t fix this problem on his own, he knew that he needed the entire nation to help him and fix this problem. He thought as a good idea he would go and listen to what America had to say. He got different answers some were positives, negatives, different religions and believes but that was the controversy here that not everyone thought the same and everyone had their own different opinion. He didn’t give up and kept listening, one lady caught his attention she said “The big shots are not the only ones who are important, Remember; you can’t sell anything on Wall Street unless someone digs it up somewhere else first.” (110)…
Depression. How effective were these responses? How did they change the role of the federal…
The mentality of the Cold War greatly affected the decisions made by the Presidents that held the office from 1950 to 1974. The main thought that prevailed from the beginning of the Cold War was containment. It was the main goal of the United States to contain the spread of Communism whenever possible. “Brinkmanship” was the first major policy that was employed by the United States in the effort to stop the spread of Communism throughout the world. President Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles coined the term “Brinkmanship”, which simply stated means using the military to push things to the brink of war without actually going to war. This was often used to intimidate the Soviet Union into backing down during the early part of the Cold War era. President Kennedy would take a slightly more flexible stance in terms of retaliation should an attack occur. However, it wouldn’t be until President Nixon took office that the metaphorical waters between the US and the Soviet Union would begin to calm.…
Reagan began his political career as a Democrat. However, in the early 1950s, as his relationship with Republican actress Nancy Davis grew,he shifted to the right and, while remaining a Democrat, endorsed the presidential candidacies of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 as well as Richard Nixon in 1960.The last time Reagan actively supported a Democratic candidate was in 1950 when he helped Helen Gahagan Douglas in her unsuccessful Senate campaign against Richard Nixon. After being hired in 1954 to host the General Electric Theater, a TV drama series, Reagan soon began to embrace the conservative views of the sponsoring company's officials. His many GE speeches—which he wrote himself—were non-partisan but carried a conservative, pro-business message; he was influenced by Lemuel Boulware, a senior GE executive. Boulware, known for his tough stance against unions and his innovative strategies to win over workers, championed the core tenets of modern American conservatism: free markets, anticommunism, lower taxes, and limited government. Eventually, the ratings for Reagan's show fell off and GE dropped Reagan in 1962. In August of that year Reagan formally switched to the Republican Party, stating, "I didn't leave the Democratic Party. The party left me."…