Presuposition
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For other uses, see Presupposition (disambiguation).
In the branch of linguistics known as pragmatics, a presupposition (or ps) is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. Examples of presuppositions include: * Do you want to do it again? * Presupposition: that you have done it already, at least once. * Jane no longer writes fiction. * Presupposition: that Jane once wrote fiction.
A presupposition must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. It will generally remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and can be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance.
Crucially, negation of an expression does not change its presuppositions: I want to do it again and I don't want to do it again both presuppose that the subject has done it already one or more times; My wife is pregnant and My wife is not pregnant both presuppose that the subject has a wife. In this respect, presupposition is distinguished from entailment and implicature. For example, The president was assassinated entails that The president is dead, but if the expression is negated, the entailment is not necessarily true. Contents[hide] * 1 Negation of a sentence containing a presupposition * 2 Projection of presuppositions * 3 Presupposition triggers * 3.1 Definite descriptions * 3.2 Factive verbs * 3.3 Implicative verbs * 3.4 Change of state verbs * 3.5 Iteratives * 3.6 Temporal clauses * 3.7 Cleft sentences * 3.8 Comparisons and contrasts * 3.9 Counterfactual conditionals * 3.10 Questions * 3.11 Possessive case * 4 Accommodation of presuppositions * 5
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Presupposition (disambiguation).
In the branch of linguistics known as pragmatics, a presupposition (or ps) is an implicit assumption about the world or background belief relating to an utterance whose truth is taken for granted in discourse. Examples of presuppositions include: * Do you want to do it again? * Presupposition: that you have done it already, at least once. * Jane no longer writes fiction. * Presupposition: that Jane once wrote fiction.
A presupposition must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. It will generally remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and can be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance.
Crucially, negation of an expression does not change its presuppositions: I want to do it again and I don't want to do it again both presuppose that the subject has done it already one or more times; My wife is pregnant and My wife is not pregnant both presuppose that the subject has a wife. In this respect, presupposition is distinguished from entailment and implicature. For example, The president was assassinated entails that The president is dead, but if the expression is negated, the entailment is not necessarily true. Contents[hide] * 1 Negation of a sentence containing a presupposition * 2 Projection of presuppositions * 3 Presupposition triggers * 3.1 Definite descriptions * 3.2 Factive verbs * 3.3 Implicative verbs * 3.4 Change of state verbs * 3.5 Iteratives * 3.6 Temporal clauses * 3.7 Cleft sentences * 3.8 Comparisons and contrasts * 3.9 Counterfactual conditionals * 3.10 Questions * 3.11 Possessive case * 4 Accommodation of presuppositions * 5