Production of Vitamin C: Different Types of Fermentation Process
vitamin C
INTRODUCTION Vitamin C is a product that is usually found in many foods and produced by an abundance of chemical companies as dietary supplements. This vitamin is essential to the scurvy patients and used abundantly in cosmetic company due to its antioxidant properties. In the terms of its production, the fact that vitamin C has two totally and distinctly separate sides is still unknown to many people even doctors. The two sides consist of "L"-Ascorbic Acid, which is the (-) side, and DAscorbic Acid, which is the (+) side. The L side of Vitamin C is the active side, and is the side which is beneficial to mankind. The D-side of Vitamin C is designated as useless and discarded by the body, as most research shows. People ingesting Vitamin C would only benefit from the "L" side of Vitamin C for example, in an orange, the Vitamin C is primarily the L side [1]. Therefore, during the whole process of the production of vitamin c, the desired end product is Lascorbic acid.
THE PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN C
Vitamin C has been industrially produced for around 70 years. Over these years, many methods has been invented and proposed to produce vitamin C efficiently such as Reichstein Process, TwoStep Fermentation Process and Single Step Fermentation Process. The most common methods used are Reichstein Process and Two-Step Fermentation Process. The first method used is the classical Reichstein process back in the 30s. This process was introduced by Tadeus Reichstein and his collegues in 1935 [1]. The Reichstein process uses a single pre-fermentation process followed by a purely chemical route which involves five steps.
REICHSTEIN PROCESS
This process commonly use glucose or sugar as its raw material. Sugars can be derived from any sugar bearing plants such as corn, wheat, and many more. However, for the production of vitamin C, D-glucose is used as its raw material [1][2].
The first step is the hydrogenation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol, an organic reaction
INTRODUCTION Vitamin C is a product that is usually found in many foods and produced by an abundance of chemical companies as dietary supplements. This vitamin is essential to the scurvy patients and used abundantly in cosmetic company due to its antioxidant properties. In the terms of its production, the fact that vitamin C has two totally and distinctly separate sides is still unknown to many people even doctors. The two sides consist of "L"-Ascorbic Acid, which is the (-) side, and DAscorbic Acid, which is the (+) side. The L side of Vitamin C is the active side, and is the side which is beneficial to mankind. The D-side of Vitamin C is designated as useless and discarded by the body, as most research shows. People ingesting Vitamin C would only benefit from the "L" side of Vitamin C for example, in an orange, the Vitamin C is primarily the L side [1]. Therefore, during the whole process of the production of vitamin c, the desired end product is Lascorbic acid.
THE PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN C
Vitamin C has been industrially produced for around 70 years. Over these years, many methods has been invented and proposed to produce vitamin C efficiently such as Reichstein Process, TwoStep Fermentation Process and Single Step Fermentation Process. The most common methods used are Reichstein Process and Two-Step Fermentation Process. The first method used is the classical Reichstein process back in the 30s. This process was introduced by Tadeus Reichstein and his collegues in 1935 [1]. The Reichstein process uses a single pre-fermentation process followed by a purely chemical route which involves five steps.
REICHSTEIN PROCESS
This process commonly use glucose or sugar as its raw material. Sugars can be derived from any sugar bearing plants such as corn, wheat, and many more. However, for the production of vitamin C, D-glucose is used as its raw material [1][2].
The first step is the hydrogenation of D-glucose to D-sorbitol, an organic reaction
References: [1] http://www.xpressnet.com/bhealthy/vitaminc.html [2] Reichstein, T. und Grüssner, A. (1934): Eine ergiebige Synthese der L-Ascorbinsäure (C-Vitamin), Helv. Chim. Acta 17, S. 311–328 [3] http://yr12-chem-2012.wikispaces.com/The+Reichstein+Process+-+Matt+Shaw [4] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/The_industrial_synthesis_ of_ascorbic_acid_from_glucose.svg [5] Expresspharmaonline.com (2004) New technology for vitamin C production may end Chinese monopoly - Cover Story - Express Pharma Pulse [6] Hubbs, J.C. (1998) Enzymatic process for the manufacture of ascorbic acid, 2-keto-LGulonic acid and esters of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. US Patent 5817490 [7] http://books.google.com.my/books?id=u7ptVNB6i_kC&pg=PA253&dq=two+step+fermentation +process+for+vitamin+c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H1GpUIrqAYbprQfX9oCoDQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ #v=onepage&q=two%20step%20fermentation%20process%20for%20vitamin%20c&f=false [8] Grindley, J.F., Payton, M.A., van de Pol, H., Hardy, K.G., 1988. Conversion of glucose to 2keto-l-gulonate, an intermediate in l-ascorbate synthesis, by a recombinant strain of Erwinia citreus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 1770–1775. [9] Chotani, G., Dodge, T., Hsu, A., Kumar, M., LaDuca, R., Trimbur, D.,Weyler,W., Sanford, K., 2000. The commercial production of chemicals using pathway engineering. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1543, 434–455. [10] http://yr12-chem-2011.wikispaces.com/The+Reichstein+Process [11] Source: BASF. [12] Skatrud, T.J. and Huss, R.J. (1991) L-Ascorbic acid production in microorganisms. US Patent 5001059 [13]Inventors.about.com (1905) History of Vitamins. [online] Available at: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_vitamins.htm[Accessed: 3 Apr 2012]. [14] http://books.google.com.my/books?id=JiuR_dmTIscC&pg=PA887&dq=two+step+fermentation +process+for+vitamin+c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H1GpUIrqAYbprQfX9oCoDQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEw AA#v=onepage&q=two%20step%20fermentation%20process%20for%20vitamin%20c&f=false [15] Rosenberg, H.R., 1942. Chemistry and Physiology of the Vitamins. Interscience, New York. [16] H. Hofmann, W. Bill, Chemie-Ing. -Tech. 31 (1959) 81. [17] F.B. Bizhanov, D.V. Sokol’skii, N.I. Popov, N.Y. Malkhina, A.M. Khisametdinov, Kinet. Katal. 10 (1969) 655. [18] P.H. Brahme, L.K. Doraiswamy, Ind. Eng. Chem. ProcessDe s. Dev. 15 (1976) 130. [19] J. Wisniak, R. Simon, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 18 (1979) 50. [20] N. Déchamp, A. Gamez, A. Perrard, P. Gallezot, Catal. Today 24 (1995) 29.