Pros And Cons Of Causal Reasoning
Causal reasoning is the process by which humans identify the relationships of cause and effect, which in most cases constitute the base of our understanding. There are three kinds of causal reasoning: deduction, induction and abduction (Wikipedia, Causal reasoning).
Deductive reasoning parts from a general idea, called premise, and applies the considered situation, narrowing the general idea to reach a specific conclusion. The classical form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism. For example:
Premise: All humans are mortal.
Specific situation: Peter is human.
Conclusion: Peter is mortal.
Here, the premise proves the conclusion, but do not justify it: we know that Peter will die because he is human, but we do not really know why he will …show more content…
Early in her life, she leaves the colony for her mating flight (which can be repeated three or four days) and during this time she will mate with approximately ten drones, which provide the sperm to the rest of the queen’s life (up to four years). The queen will not abandon the colony again, except to swarm.
From this point on, the queen will lay eggs for both workers and drones. Workers eggs are fertilized and drones eggs are unfertilized. Queens that have not mated (because of bad weather during the days she is able to mate) can only lay drone eggs. Evan more. In the absence of a queen, some workers are able to develop ovaries and start laying eggs, but as they cannot mate, they only lay drone eggs.
The form of asexual reproduction in which embryos occur without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is also known in other insects, and also in crustaceans, some works and spiders, but mostly the new individual is a female, basically a clone of the mother, which makes sense, as the mother cannot pass on to her offspring the Y …show more content…
(2009). Biological reasoning… and statistics… Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 30(3), 91. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930293/
Lucaites, L., West, I., & Gilbert, C. (2011). Inductive Reasoning: An Overview. Retrieved from: http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/InductiveReasoning.pdf
Ker, E. (1997). Sex determination in honey bees (Apinae and Meliponinae) and its consequences. Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 20/4. Retrieved from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84551997000400008
Schen, M. (2007). Scientific reasoning skills development in the introductory Biology courses for undergraduates. Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University. Retrieved from: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT.......192S
Wikipedia (sd). Abductive reasoning. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning
Wikipedia (sd). Causal reasoning. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning
Wikipedia (sd). Parthenogenesis. Retrieved from:
Deductive reasoning parts from a general idea, called premise, and applies the considered situation, narrowing the general idea to reach a specific conclusion. The classical form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism. For example:
Premise: All humans are mortal.
Specific situation: Peter is human.
Conclusion: Peter is mortal.
Here, the premise proves the conclusion, but do not justify it: we know that Peter will die because he is human, but we do not really know why he will …show more content…
Early in her life, she leaves the colony for her mating flight (which can be repeated three or four days) and during this time she will mate with approximately ten drones, which provide the sperm to the rest of the queen’s life (up to four years). The queen will not abandon the colony again, except to swarm.
From this point on, the queen will lay eggs for both workers and drones. Workers eggs are fertilized and drones eggs are unfertilized. Queens that have not mated (because of bad weather during the days she is able to mate) can only lay drone eggs. Evan more. In the absence of a queen, some workers are able to develop ovaries and start laying eggs, but as they cannot mate, they only lay drone eggs.
The form of asexual reproduction in which embryos occur without fertilization is called parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is also known in other insects, and also in crustaceans, some works and spiders, but mostly the new individual is a female, basically a clone of the mother, which makes sense, as the mother cannot pass on to her offspring the Y …show more content…
(2009). Biological reasoning… and statistics… Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 30(3), 91. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930293/
Lucaites, L., West, I., & Gilbert, C. (2011). Inductive Reasoning: An Overview. Retrieved from: http://www.indiana.edu/~c228/InductiveReasoning.pdf
Ker, E. (1997). Sex determination in honey bees (Apinae and Meliponinae) and its consequences. Brazilian Journal of Genetics, 20/4. Retrieved from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-84551997000400008
Schen, M. (2007). Scientific reasoning skills development in the introductory Biology courses for undergraduates. Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University. Retrieved from: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhDT.......192S
Wikipedia (sd). Abductive reasoning. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning
Wikipedia (sd). Causal reasoning. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning
Wikipedia (sd). Parthenogenesis. Retrieved from: