Preview

Psychology

Powerful Essays
Open Document
Open Document
2203 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Psychology
ST.MARY’S COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

SEMINAR

ON

PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

(2011-2012)

[pic]

Signature of the

Teacher educator J. Rawoofu Nisha

(Mathematics)

SKINNER’S

(OPERANT

CONDITIONING)

AND

THORNDIKE’S

(TRIAL AND ERROR)

THEORIES

|S.NO |CONTENT |PAGE NO |
|1 |Introduction |4 |
|2 |Concept: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning |4 |
|3 |Skinner’s Experiments: |4 |
|4 |Reinforcement |5 |
|5 |Schedule of Reinforcement |5 |
|6 |Shaping |7 |
|7 |Educational Implications |7 |
|8 |Concept: Trial and Error Learning |8 |
|9 |Thorndike’s Experiments |9 |
| |Thorndike’s laws of Learning: | |
|10 | |10 |
|11 |Educational Implications: |10 |
|12 |Conclusion



References: 1. Psychology of Learning and Human Development, Prof. K. Nagarajan. 2. Advanced Educational Psychology, Dr. S. Dandapani. 3. Educational Psychology, Dr. G. Aruna Mohan. 4. Psychology of Learning and Human Development, Prof. Dr. A. Meenakshisundaram. 5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_analysis_of_behavior. 6. www.preservearticles.com/.../understanding-the-theory-of-trial-and-e...[pic][pic][pic]

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    Skinner’s operant conditioning behavioral model is based upon the ideology that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Additionally, an individual change in behavior is the result of the individual’s response to the events that occur in the environment. In this case the…

    • 346 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Ptlls Assignment 1

    • 2067 Words
    • 9 Pages

    As a preceptor, it is important to integrate the learning theories into practice, to develop student’s cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains based on Bloom’s taxonomy (Bloom, 1956). In this stage, different theories were involved, such as cognitive learning theory, behavioral learning theory and social learning theory. Cognitive learning theory focuses on the thought processes and learning is viewed as the acquisition of new information (Goldstein, Naglieri & Devries, 2011). The individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and memorizing the information (Schunk, 2010). However, behavioral learning theory learn though a continual process of stimulating and reinforcing a desired response, eventually the behavior is changed to match the desired response (Bower &Hilgard, 1981). Behavioral learning theory recognizes that learning has taken place by a change in behavior; it regards all behavior as a response to stimulus (Hand, 2006). Behavioral learning theory involves positive and negative reinforcement, which reflects in operant conditioning. Operant conditioning developed by Skinner, emphasized on using positive reinforcement to enhance good performance, or using negative reinforcement to eliminate bad behavior, which leads to achievement of learning…

    • 2067 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Good Essays

    Psychology

    • 649 Words
    • 3 Pages

    The pituitary-adrenal system involves activation of the hypothalamus which then stimulates the pituitary gland resulting in the release of the hormone ACT-H. This stress hormone stimulates the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. These help to control blood sugar levels and make fats available for energy.…

    • 649 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Psychology

    • 929 Words
    • 4 Pages

    [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.]…

    • 929 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    psychology

    • 836 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Elizabeth has been a drug user for a long time. Her friend believe that addiction has not a biological explanation as none of her friends are addicts and they do not encourage her to take drugs.…

    • 836 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Psychology

    • 397 Words
    • 2 Pages

    First, Pavlov used soundproof lab because it allowed to isolate experimenters from all extraneous stimuli during the experimental procedures. Second, Pavlov chose food as unconditioned stimulus because food will elicit the unconditioned response, which was the salivation of the dog. In order to find a neutral stimulus that was completely unrelated to food, Pavlov decided to use the metronome as the neutral stimulus . The ticking of the metronome was exposed to the dog, immediately followed by the food. After numerous trials under this condition, the dog has began to salivate after hearing the ticking of the bell. In another word, the metronome has changed from neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus , which has created the conditioned response of dog's salivation. Pavlov and his assistants also elaborated on this preliminary finding by using different unconditioned and neutral stimuli. For example, the odor of vanilla was presented after a mild acid solution (similar to lemon juice) was placed in the dog's mouth . The mild acid solution caused the dog to salivate . However, after several trials, the dog began to salivate solely to the odder of vanilla . Another importance finding was that the neutral stimulus did not affect the subjects conditioning if it was presented after the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov first gave the mild acid solution to the dog; and after awhile, presented the odor of vanilla . But there was no significant change of the dog's behavior. The odor of vanilla did not changed to a conditioned stimulus. he theory of Classical Conditioning (aka Pavlovian conditioning) has now been accepted universally and unchanged since its first finding through Pavlov's work. It is now used to explain various different human behaviors, such as causation of phobias, why people dislike certain food, source of emotions, etc. Pavlov's finding has showed that classical conditioning focuses on reflexive behaviors,…

    • 397 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Psychology

    • 398 Words
    • 2 Pages

    11)Describe the nature-nurture controversy as it relates to intelligence, citing some of the research and studies which support both sides of the debate.…

    • 398 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    psychology

    • 2118 Words
    • 9 Pages

    writing out the words of a song with the music of the song playing in the background.…

    • 2118 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Psychology

    • 3848 Words
    • 17 Pages

    11. Correct Freud believed that adult problems usuallyYour answer: can be traced back to critical stages during childhood…

    • 3848 Words
    • 17 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Psychology

    • 356 Words
    • 2 Pages

    1. What are the five steps of the scientific method?*Problem: Stated as a question*Hypothesis: a scientific or educational guess. *Materials: list all the materials that are used in the experiment. *Procedures: list step by step directions needed to be followed for this experiment. *Results/Conclusion: re- state your problem/question then answer your hypothesis. Gather together all your information.…

    • 356 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Psychology

    • 625 Words
    • 3 Pages

    With child abuse cases on the rise, children are being used as evidence in the courtroom; this involves them giving accurate eye witness testimony. Parker and Carranza conducted a laboratory study in 1989 to study the accuracy of age in eye witness testimony. They showed a mock crime scene video to a sample of primary school children and a sample of college students. They found that the primary school children were more likely to ‘just pick’ a criminal from a line up compared to college students who were hesitant about choosing anyone but they were more likely to identify the correct person; concluding that adults were more likely to give accurate eye witness testimonies. On the other hand though Ceci and Bruck completed a study that concluded children may have more accurate eye witness testimonies as they have no prejudices or schemas. They don’t stereotype people and are more likely to tell you it ‘how it is’. The lack of a schema in children means that they can sometimes be more useful than adult eye witness testimonies as they have no preconceptions of the crime/incident. Goodman and Schaff showed that the language used when asking a child a question may affect a child’s recall because of their level of understanding and word development. Overall it has to be said that children give a less detailed EWT but this doesn’t mean that it is any less accurate. Young children are more prone to leading questions and are more likely to change their answer if a question is repeatedly asked because they feel they need to impress someone and the judge is ‘correct’ on comparison to them.…

    • 625 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Psychology

    • 756 Words
    • 4 Pages

    Cultural approach: origins of gender stereotyping from a sociocultural perspective where children are socialized to act according to their culture.…

    • 756 Words
    • 4 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Psychology

    • 345 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Be able to evaluate (in your opinion) the ethics of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) with respect to the tenet of beneficence.…

    • 345 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    psychology

    • 1259 Words
    • 6 Pages

    This assignment is designed to assess your ability to apply the social psychology theories discussed in lectures to real world situations. Social psychology is NOT a purely academic area – it is essential that you are able to understand how social psychology operates in the wider world. We cannot test the applications of social psychology in an exam so this assignment aims to give you an opportunity to demonstrate your ability to recognise social psychology theories in action by completing a simple yet interesting piece of work.…

    • 1259 Words
    • 6 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    Psychology

    • 1066 Words
    • 5 Pages

    There are various major areas of psychology and these areas include Developmental psychology, Cognitive psychology, Behavioral psychology, and Social psychology. While in this course I was able to learn not only about the areas of psychology, but also learned a lot about myself. Within this paper, I will explain each major area of psychology and I will also explain personality, how it is measured, and how it is used in psychology. I will also explain the importance of knowing the nervous system while learning psychology. I also learned about several different psychological disorders and the different psychotherapies available. I will choose one psychological disorder and describe how it affects a person and the different symptoms that will help you identify so that you will be able get help.…

    • 1066 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Powerful Essays

Related Topics