Psychosocial Risk Factors For Stroke: A Case Study
The impact of psychological interventions on psychosocial risk factors for stroke and their relationship with the immune system
The impact of psychological interventions on psychosocial risk factors for stroke and their relationship with the immune system
Introduction
More than 2,400 years ago the father of medicine, Hippocrates, recognized and described stroke as apoplexy, which means “struck down by violence”. Stroke is a condition with high mortality rate (Townsend et al., 2012) and leading cause of long-term adult disability worldwide (Perk et al., 2012). The evidence of increasing rate of stroke in the population, including among young adults, has significant implications in health care. Some risk factors such as atherosclerosis, …show more content…
For example, cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for stroke (Peters et al., 2013). The meta-analysis of 81 prospective cohort studies showed that smoking was associated with 83% (95% CI, 1.58–2.12) increased risk in women and 67% (95% CI, 1.49–1.88) increased risk in men. Several studies have indicated that tobacco use affects the systemic inflammation (Goncalves et al., 2011). Smoking has been associated with increased activation of proinflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-8 (Smith & Fischer, 2001), decreased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 (Arnson, Shoenfeld, & Amital, 2010; Goncalves et al., 2011; Yanbaeva, Dentener, Creutzberg, Wesseling, & Wouters, 2007), and causes an increase in the peripheral blood leukocyte count up to 25%. Studies have shown that these variables play a significant role in the development of cerebrovascular disease (Barbieri et al., …show more content…
(2013). The role of inflammation and interleukin-1 in acute cerebrovascular disease. J Inflamm Res, 6, 121-128. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S35629
Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (2005). How stress damages immune system and health. Discov Med, 5(26), 165-169.
Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol, 5(3), 243-251. doi: 10.1038/nri1571
Goncalves, R. B., Coletta, R. D., Silverio, K. G., Benevides, L., Casati, M. Z., da Silva, J. S., & Nociti, F. H., Jr. (2011). Impact of smoking on inflammation: overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res, 60(5), 409-424. doi: 10.1007/s00011-011-0308-7
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res, 57(1), 35-43. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7
Guerra-Crespo, M., Gleason, D., Sistos, A., Toosky, T., Solaroglu, I., Zhang, J. H., . . . Fallon, J. H. (2009). Transforming growth factor-alpha induces neurogenesis and behavioral improvement in a chronic stroke model. Neuroscience, 160(2), 470-483. doi:
The impact of psychological interventions on psychosocial risk factors for stroke and their relationship with the immune system
Introduction
More than 2,400 years ago the father of medicine, Hippocrates, recognized and described stroke as apoplexy, which means “struck down by violence”. Stroke is a condition with high mortality rate (Townsend et al., 2012) and leading cause of long-term adult disability worldwide (Perk et al., 2012). The evidence of increasing rate of stroke in the population, including among young adults, has significant implications in health care. Some risk factors such as atherosclerosis, …show more content…
For example, cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for stroke (Peters et al., 2013). The meta-analysis of 81 prospective cohort studies showed that smoking was associated with 83% (95% CI, 1.58–2.12) increased risk in women and 67% (95% CI, 1.49–1.88) increased risk in men. Several studies have indicated that tobacco use affects the systemic inflammation (Goncalves et al., 2011). Smoking has been associated with increased activation of proinflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-8 (Smith & Fischer, 2001), decreased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 (Arnson, Shoenfeld, & Amital, 2010; Goncalves et al., 2011; Yanbaeva, Dentener, Creutzberg, Wesseling, & Wouters, 2007), and causes an increase in the peripheral blood leukocyte count up to 25%. Studies have shown that these variables play a significant role in the development of cerebrovascular disease (Barbieri et al., …show more content…
(2013). The role of inflammation and interleukin-1 in acute cerebrovascular disease. J Inflamm Res, 6, 121-128. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S35629
Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (2005). How stress damages immune system and health. Discov Med, 5(26), 165-169.
Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2005). Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol, 5(3), 243-251. doi: 10.1038/nri1571
Goncalves, R. B., Coletta, R. D., Silverio, K. G., Benevides, L., Casati, M. Z., da Silva, J. S., & Nociti, F. H., Jr. (2011). Impact of smoking on inflammation: overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res, 60(5), 409-424. doi: 10.1007/s00011-011-0308-7
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res, 57(1), 35-43. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7
Guerra-Crespo, M., Gleason, D., Sistos, A., Toosky, T., Solaroglu, I., Zhang, J. H., . . . Fallon, J. H. (2009). Transforming growth factor-alpha induces neurogenesis and behavioral improvement in a chronic stroke model. Neuroscience, 160(2), 470-483. doi: