Ptsd and Intelligence
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Intelligence
Honors Literature Review/Thesis
Laurel K. Fauster
Thesis Chair Jerry Bruce
Sam Houston State University
Author Note Laurel K. Fauster, Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University. Thesis Chair Dr. Jerry Bruce, Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Laurel K. Fauster, Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341-2447.
Abstract
This study sought to find an effect between intelligence level and post-traumatic stress disorder. A literature review was conducted to ascertain what researchers have discovered regarding the effect of intelligence level on post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as to provide a general overview on post-traumatic stress disorder, intelligence, and the possible link between these two variables. Face to face observation of post-traumatic stress disorder support groups, as well as informal interviews were also included to further support this study’s content. This study has implications for researchers in the areas of intelligence and post-traumatic stress disorder, clinicians, therapists, military operations, palliative care, research in victimology and abuse, as well as social science and other research interests.
Keywords: Post-traumatic stress disorder, Intelligence, PTSD, IQ, Risk factors.
Precis This paper began years ago when, as a police officer, and later as an instructor in the private sector working with military special forces units, I came into contact with sufferers of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and began to wonder how best to help them. During independent study of the subject I sought to understand the signs and symptoms, as well as the risk factors for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Being that police officers are frequent sufferers of this disorder, and that many more are also former military veterans, it was
Honors Literature Review/Thesis
Laurel K. Fauster
Thesis Chair Jerry Bruce
Sam Houston State University
Author Note Laurel K. Fauster, Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University. Thesis Chair Dr. Jerry Bruce, Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Laurel K. Fauster, Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341-2447.
Abstract
This study sought to find an effect between intelligence level and post-traumatic stress disorder. A literature review was conducted to ascertain what researchers have discovered regarding the effect of intelligence level on post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as to provide a general overview on post-traumatic stress disorder, intelligence, and the possible link between these two variables. Face to face observation of post-traumatic stress disorder support groups, as well as informal interviews were also included to further support this study’s content. This study has implications for researchers in the areas of intelligence and post-traumatic stress disorder, clinicians, therapists, military operations, palliative care, research in victimology and abuse, as well as social science and other research interests.
Keywords: Post-traumatic stress disorder, Intelligence, PTSD, IQ, Risk factors.
Precis This paper began years ago when, as a police officer, and later as an instructor in the private sector working with military special forces units, I came into contact with sufferers of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and began to wonder how best to help them. During independent study of the subject I sought to understand the signs and symptoms, as well as the risk factors for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Being that police officers are frequent sufferers of this disorder, and that many more are also former military veterans, it was
References: American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.).Washington, DC: Author. Apfel, B.A., Ross, J., Hlavin, J., Meyerhoff, D.J., Marmar, T.J., Weiner, M.W., Schuff, N Arnsten, A.F.T. & Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1998) Noise Stress Impairs Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive Function in Monkeys: Evidence for a Hyperdopaminergic Mechanism. Arch. General Psychiatry 55, 362–369. Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686-694. Binet, Alfred. (1905) New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals. L 'Année Psychologique, 12, 191-244. (French to English translations provided by C.G. Fauster, M.A.). Bremner, J. Douglas M.D. (2006) The Relationship Between Cognitive and Brain Changes in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071: 80– 86. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.008. Bremner, J. Douglas M.D. (2006) Traumatic Stress: Effects on the Brain. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4): 445–461. Edwards, A. J. (1994). Wechsler, David (1896-1981). In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Intelligence (Vol. 1, pp. 1134-1136). New York: Macmillan. Foa, E. B., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1998). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD (p.20). New York: Guilford. Frankel, Viktor. (2006). Man’s Search for Meaning: pp.38. Beacon Press. Friedman, M.J. (1996) Gardner, Howard. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books. Gardner, Howard (1999) Intelligence Reframed. Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century, New York: Basic Books. Gardner, Howard. Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 21, 2003. Goldman-Rakic, P.S Haier, R.J., Jung, R., Yeo, R., Head, K. & Alkire, M.T. (2004) The Neuroanatomy of General Intelligence: Sex Matters. NeuroImage, vol.25 (2005). 320- 327. Heilbrun, A.B Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma Herman, J.L. (1997). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books. pp. 119–122. Hofer, J.[trans. Carolyn Kiser Anspach] (1934), "Medical Dissertation on Nostalgia by Johannes Hofer, 1688," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2, 376-391. Hofer, J., "Medical Dissertation on Nostalgia." Bulletin of The Institute of the History of Medicine. Trans. Carolyn Kiser Anspach 2.6 ((1688) Aug. 1934): 376-91. Hoppe, C., Stojanovic, J. (2008). High-Aptitude Minds: The Neurological Roots of Genius. Scientific American Mind. 3(1), 4-6. Izaquierdo, A., Wellman, C.L. & Holmes, A. (2006). Brief Uncontrollable Stress Causes Dendritic Retraction in Infralimbic Cortex and Resistance to Fear Extinction in Mice. The Journal of Neuroscience. 26(1). 5733-5738. Javidi, H. H., & Yadollahie, M. M. (2012). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. International Journal Of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 3(1), 2-9. Kitayama N., Vaccarino V., Kutner M., Weiss P. & Bremner J.D. (2005). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal Affective Disorders. 88: 79–86. LeDoux, J. (2003). The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 23(4), 727-738. Liberzon, I Oliver, A. (1997). Plugging into Multiple Intelligences. Education Digest, 62(6), 61. Posthuma, D., De Geus, E.J., Baare, W.F., Hulshoff Pol, H.E., Kahn, R.S. & Boomsma, D.I. (2002). The association between brain volume and intelligence is of genetic origin. Nature Neuroscience, 5(2), 83–84. * Reiss, A. L., Abrams, M.T., Singer, H.S., Ross, J.L. & Denckla, M.B. (1996) Brain Development, Gender and IQ in Children: A Volumetric Imaging Study. Brain.119(5): 1763-1774 doi:10.1093. * Robbins, T.W. (1996) Dissociating Executive Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 351, 1463–1471. Rosen, G. (1975). Nostalgia: A Forgotten Psychological Disorder. Psychological Medicine 5:342-347. Schubert, S., & Lee, C Shin, L. M., Rauch, S. L. and Pitman, R. K. (2006). Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampal Function in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071: 67–79. doi: 10.1196/annals.1364.007. Stuss, D.T., Eskes, G.A. and Foster, J.K. (1994). Experimental Neuropsychological Studies of Frontal Lobe Functions. Handbook of Neuropsychology 9, 149–185. Wambaugh, J. (1975). The Choirboys. New York: Random House. Wechsler, D. (1944). The measurement of adult intelligence (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Wechsler, David. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III). Psychological Corporation, 1997. Wechsler, David. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Psychological Corporation, 2009. Williams, L