In conjunction to the treatment received by the slaves, distinction in terms of the strictness of law can also be identified in Chesapeake Colonies and the Northern Colonies. In Chesapeake Colonies, free black men did not have authorities in enslaving white servants and in owning any kind of guns or arms. They were harshly exploited when the slaves had to pay for ”special taxes” to the states in order to survive in the colonies. If the African people hit any white individual, they had to receive punishments despite of the reasons. Freed slaves were required to be transported out of the colony according to Virginia Laws. So, in 1750, the number of freed black people stayed small, which was “less than 4 percent” (Foner 137). However, that was…
In 1788 the first fleet disembarked on the shores of Botany Bay. Shortly thereafter Australia became the first colony founded entirely upon the work of convicted felons. The traditional interpretation of the Australian colonies is that, it was a period of harsh and brutal forced labor, where convicts were treated as human commodities and labor was extracted by punishment. Convicts were subjected to various types of reprimands such as shortened rations, leg-irons, being placed on treadmills, head shavings, floggings, execution and forced transportation to penal stations, which was a place of secondary punishment. These punishments meted out in the Australian colonies came in various forms and extremities, which will be discussed throughout this essay. The traditional interpretations of the Australian colonies and its punishments have produced an ideological judgement, that convicts whilst in servitude were fundamentally slaves and New South Wales was a jailed slave society. However, this depiction of colonial Australia has come under considerable debate. It is important to consider that Australian convicts had to be sent before a magistrate before a punishment could be administered by a constable. Many of the constables were ex convicts, this statement in itself brings to light the opportunity and…
In his article "Punishment and Loss of Moral Standing", Christopher Morris explain, in his opinion why the death penalty is a justifiable means of punishment. The author first defines what a punishment is by saying it is an imposition of some pain, unpleasantness, or deprivation for a committed offence. The main purpose of punishment is to teach, either the offender or others, that committing this act is wrong.…
The conviction of a Royal Marine for murdering an injured Afghan insurgent should not "besmirch" the organisation, Prime Minister David Cameron has said.…
Wooden beds, Hundreds of people behind bars, can't forget about the poles that they hang prisoners on. These are all things to picture what prison was like in the victorian era. Prisoners and crime in the victorian era were not someplace you would want to be. The conditions were sometimes very unnecessary and cruel, it got to the point where the prisoners wanted to hang themselves and if they did something so bad, that's exactly what happened.Crime and punishment was a lot more painful back in the victorian era, also the punishment would last for a while.…
Citizens are being arrested every single day for an unlimited variety of reasons. The reason can be anything from abuse of a family member, robbery, drug possession, or murder. The criminal system has four ways to justify punishment. Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection are ways in which punishment is justified. Each of the four has its own style of punishment together with its own pros and cons for each Citizen.…
To what extent do the punishment (or lack thereof) of crimes in America reflect America’s ethical/moral values?…
Was the crime and punishment during the Elizabethan era really as harsh as it is said to be? If it was, how gruesome and inhumane were the punishments? What were even considered crimes during this Era? Were punishments and crimes different among all the different classes? During the Elizabethan Era, punishments were harsh, gruesome, and varied tremendously among the two main classes, however the crimes committed were also very different among the two classes varying from stealing a bird’s egg to murder.…
Convicted felons can be punished in many different ways, but one thing is sure it would not be cruel and unusual. Before we look at how we punish offenders we must first understand why we are punishing them. The general purpose behind punishment is to inflict upon criminals some kind of suffering for the crime that they have committed or to protect society from those considered too dangerous to live amongst us. Punishment, a necessary evil, is sometimes required to deter law violators from repeating their crime and to serve as an example to others who would also violate the law. Schmalleger, Frank J. Criminal Justice Today An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (81).…
"Twas pitful,twas wonderous pitful;/She wished she had not heard it, yet she wished/That heaven had made her such a man.She thanked/me,/… She loved me for the dangers I had passed,/ And I loved her, that she did pity them."(1.3.160-167)…
• In most of Europe, forms of legal sanctions that are familiar today did not…
Crime and punishment through time has made some dramatic changes. The earliest form of written code is the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, though most of western law comes from Ancient Rome. In 451 BC the Roman Republic issued the Law of the Twelve Tables that constituted the basis of Roman law. Theft and assault were crimes committed against individual and required the victim to prosecute the offender before the appropriate magistrates and an assembly of the citizens. Additions were made over time, new courts were developed during the roman empire and a degree of uniformity was consequently imposed over much of Europe. From the 5th century AD and the great migration of people swept across Europe new customs and forms of law were established.…
Punishing juveniles and guilty parties is intended to teach them a lesson. Distinctive methods of discipline should be utilized based of the history or the seriousness of the crimes. Not every individual child or adult should be confined for specific violations. With the overcrowding of the prison systems and the absence of correctional officers to place in those prison, is it possible for an individual to be punished for their wrongdoing with an alternative strategy?…
The cost of imprisoning an offender is high. With western regions like the US, UK and Australia experiencing consistent rising imprisonment rates and the limited availability of public resources, efficient use of prison and criminal justice resources is imperative (Marsh, Fox & Hedderman, 2009). A cost benefit analysis (CBA) of prisons essentially measures how effective and efficient certain criminal justice interventions are. Marsh et al. (2009, p. 146) states that this measurement is done by assessing an intervention where the aim is for the benefit of a certain intervention to outweigh the initial dollar cost put into it. CBA are favoured by economists and criminologists as multiple interventions can create duplicate results. This is why the cost benefit analysis is an effective tool as it can determine what the cheaper option is (which produces the same outcome). Sentencing of criminals aims to create three main benefits to both offenders and society. They include rehabilitation, deterrence and incapacitation effects. Of course, with different categories and variables in offenders, there are a range of factors that influence how cost effective specific punishments can be and whether certain punishments can produce the three sentencing effects previously mentioned. From here, it is appropriate to ask ourselves whether imprisonment is worth the cost and whether prisons produce the three sentencing benefits. For the purposes of this essay, the cost and benefits of prison sentences will be compared with community based sentences. The incapacitation effects of prisons will be discussed along with a brief overview of deterrent and rehabilitation effects of prison and community based sentences. It’s also appropriate to discover whether community sentences provide less or more value for money to certain types of offenders compared to incarceration. From having analysed such interventions and their outcomes, it’s also appropriate to make recommendations of how…
Indian author R.K. Narayan is widely considered to be one of India's greatest English language novelists known for his simple and unpretentious writing style, often compared to William Faulkner. Narayan has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature multiple times but has not yet won the honor. His popular works include The English Teacher, The Financial Expert and Waiting for the Mahatma.…