Punishment Paper

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation
The criminal justice system comprises many distinct stages, including arrest, prosecution, trial, sentencing, and punishment, quite often in the form of imprisonment. As will become clear, it is in the last two of these many stages that the debate over rehabilitation and retribution is of special significance.

"Rehabilitation is the idea of ‘curing' an offender of his or her criminal tendencies, of changing their habits, their outlook and possibly even personality, so as to make them less inclined to commit crimes in the future" (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation, n.d., 2005). It seeks to prevent a person from reoffending by taking away the desire to offend. This is very different from the idea of ‘deterrence', which is the idea of making him/her afraid to offend, though he/she may still desire to. Incapacitation is the idea of taking away physical power to offend, though he/she may still desire to and be unafraid to. The retributive idea is that punishment should be determined chiefly (possibly even only) by the seriousness of the crime itself, and not by consequentialist factors, such as whether the punishment is enough to scare (i.e. deter) the rest of society. It is a very serious mistake to think that the retributive idea in the criminal justice system is about vengeance, retaliation or payback. Rather, it is an extremely sophisticated idea that often forms the basis of, and arguably is even the leading indication of, a developed sentencing system (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation, n.d., 2005).
The debate between rehabilitation and retribution is one with many different sides and views. In this paper we will look deeper into some of these views and how they affect not only the offender but also their victims.

Deterrence of Crime
People will engage in criminal and deviant activities if they do not fear apprehension and punishment. Norms, laws, and enforcement are to be designed and implemented to produce and maintain the image that "negative" and disruptive behaviors will receive attention and punishment. Crime cannot be stopped completely though it could be controlled via punishments according to the level of offence done. Punishments are usually given as a consequence to some kind of violation of law or interference of someone's legal rights or such actions done with the element of criminal intentions to harm someone. Therefore, punishments are to make good the losses or to impose burden on a convicted offender. Basically, the motive behind punishments is to make the criminal or offender compensate the damages as well as to learn a lesson for not opting the same or any related criminal action in future. Nonetheless, punishments are only given persons who are found guilty for some crime (Crime and Punishment, 1998-2002).

Where incarceration is suppose to deter criminals from further crimes, sometimes it actually adds to them committing more crimes. It seems that due to incarceration, a person becomes an outcast from his family, friends as well as professional circle. Which in turn, leads them into committing more felonies and misdemeanors. So what ever the objective behind imprisonment is, it not only increases the crime rate but also marks a label on offenders who are not professional criminals as ex-prisoner, which will reduce their chances for employment. So, without rehabilitation, an offender will not learn how to be a productive member of the society; which might change an unprofessional delinquent into a professional criminal. Simply because they are more easily accepted to the community of criminals rather then the community in which they actually belonged too (Crime and Punishment, 1998-2002).

Impact on Victims and Victims' Families
In our society's criminal justice system, justice equals punishment. An eye for an eye. You do the crime, you do the time. You do the time, you've paid your debt to society and justice has been done. But justice for whom? Certainly not the victim. Because our society defines justice in this manner, the victims of crimes often seek the most severe possible punishment for their offenders. Society tells them this will bring justice, but it often leaves them feeling empty and unsatisfied after getting what they sought. Punishment does not address the other important needs of victims. It cannot restore their losses, answer their questions, relieve their fears, and help them make sense of their tragedy or heal their wounds.
There is definitely still a need to incapacitate the most violent of felons-those who appear to be intractably hazardous to our health and safety. Incapacitation, unfortunately, must continue until we can learn how to generate change in such individuals. However, it is important to understand the need to incapacitate dangerous offenders as separate and distinct from punishment. When we focus on punishment and incarcerate offenders who are not dangerous (including those who have committed victimless crimes), we consume precious correctional system resources that should be reserved for those offenders whom we must incapacitate for our protection (Higgins, April 1998: 3).

Impact Upon the Offender
Rehabilitation has another important value – it recognizes the reality of social inequity. To say that some offenders need help to be rehabilitated is to accept the idea that circumstances can constrain, if not compel, and lead to criminality; it admits that we can help unfortunate persons who have been overcome by their circumstance. It rejects the idea that individuals, regardless of their position in the social order, exercise equal freedom in deciding whether to commit a crime, and should be punished equally according to their offence, irrespective of their social backgrounds. Policies that ignore these realities foster hardships that will fall primarily and disproportionately on the already disadvantaged, and deepen the resentment that many inmates find difficult to suppress upon their release back into such a society (Prevention and Punishment, n.d., 1998).
Retributive alone best recognizes the offender's status as a moral agent, by asking that he take responsibility for what he has done, rather than to make excuses for it. It appeals to an inherent sense of right and wrong, and in this way is the most respectful to humanity because it recognizes that persons are indeed fundamentally capable of moral deliberation, no matter what their personal circumstances are (Prevention and Punishment, n.d., 1998).

Social Impact Upon Society
So if rehabilitation cannot be properly achieved in a punitive environment, why not just focus on punishment, and leave rehabilitation out of the equation? The answer is because eventually most of our prisoners will be released to live among us. In spite of the fact that we don't want prison to be a soft place, most people hope for the sake of their own safety that during the course of a sentence corrections staff will be able to have some effect in teaching convicts how to live and function in the real world as productive and law abiding citizens (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation, n.d., 2005).

It would be ideal that prior to the completion of a sentence a prisoner would be able to work his or her way down to a minimum-security prison, demonstrating the ability to safely make the transition back to the outside world before release. It is very much not the ideal that a prisoner proves to be so violent and uncooperative that he or she must serve out their sentence in a special handling unit (an ultra-maximum security facility) only to be released directly into the community when that sentence is up. The latter is the situation currently faced by corrections officials (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation, n.d., 2005).
Fiscal Impact Upon Society
Clearly, everyone is "against" crime and "for" the development of programs that enhance our community safety. Amazingly, over $27 billion per year is spend by the federal and state agencies over two million prisoners (Higgins, April 1998: 5). So incarceration is very costly for the government, as the government has to bare the eating, clothing and medical expenses of the criminals despite the fact that incarceration does not result into any deterrence against crimes. In 1995, the National Institute of Justice published a report stating that crime costs the American public $105 billion annually in lost wages and medical costs. When "pain and suffering" are added to the equation, the total climbs to just less than $450 billion.

Conclusion
Corrections are a system of extremes - incapacitating prisons vs. ineffective probation/ parole. I believe that rehabilitation is not only important when the court is deciding on the sentence, but also important when it comes to actually carrying out the punishment. The role of the criminal justice system does not end with the pronouncement of a sentence. We should provide offenders with meaningful skills training, behavioral-treatment programs, counseling and so on.

References
Crime and Punishment. (1998-2002). Retrieved November 9, 2005, from: http://www.vorp.com/articles/crime.html Higgins, G. (April 1998). Seeking Middle Ground: Can Policy Makers Find an Answer to the Spiraling Costs of Corrections? Retrieved November 11, 2005, from: http://leg.state.mt.us/css/publications/research/past_interim/cor_rpt7.asp

Prevention and Punishment of Crime. (1998.). Retrieved November 10, 2005, from: http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/critical_issues/1998/crime/prevention.html Punishment vs. Rehabilitation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2005, from:
http://www.justicemonitor.ca/correctionalissues.htm