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Racial Identity

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Racial Identity
|Cross’ Black Racial Identity Development Model |Helms’ White Racial Identity Development Model |
|PREENCOUNTER |CONTACT |
|Beliefs and values are of dominant culture: “White is |Lack of awareness of cultural and institutional racism and White |
|right”/”Black is wrong” |privilege |
|Internalization of negative Black stereotypes |Naïve curiosity/fear of non-Whites based on learned stereotypes |
|Assimilation/Distancing | |
|ENCOUNTER |DISINTEGRATION |
|Event triggers acknowledging impact of racism in one’s life |Experience of guilt/shame/anger at recognition of advantages of |
| |being White |
| |Discomfort experienced at this stage may be dealt with by denial |
| |of racism or withdrawal from non-Whites and topic of racism |
|IMMERSION/EMERSION |REINTEGRATION |
|Desire to display visible symbols of one’s racial identity |Desire to be accepted by one’s own racial group |
|Avoidance of White symbols |Overt/covert belief in White superiority |
|Explore aspects of own culture/history |Fear and anger directed at people of color

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