Preview

Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat Case Study

Satisfactory Essays
Open Document
Open Document
717 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat Case Study
a. Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat (RAFC) Kedua rantai IgE akan mengikat alergen spesifik dan terjadi degranulasi sel mastosit dan sel basofil bila mukosa yang sudah tersensitisasi terpajan oleh alergen yang sama. Degranulasi ini mengakibatkan keluarnya mediator primer (Preformed Mediators) terutama histamin. Mediator sekunder (Newly Formed Mediators) berupa prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Leukotrien D4 (LT D4), Leukotrien C4 (LT C4), bradikinin, Platelet Activating Factor (PAF), dan berbagai sitokin seperti IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, GM-CSF (Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor) dll juga akan dikeluarkan pada fase ini. Proses inilah yang disebut sebagai Reaksi Alergi Fase Cepat (Irawati dkk, 2007). Histamin yang dikeluarkan oleh sel mast akan …show more content…
RAFC ini ditandai dengan penambahan jumlah dan jenis sel inflamasi seperti eosinofil, limfosit, netrofil, basofil, dan mastosit di mukosa hidung serta peningkatan sitokin seperti IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF, dan ICAM 1 pada sekret hidung. Mekanisme tertariknya eosinofil di mukosa hidung dipengaruhi sekresi sitokin oleh sel mast, eosinofil, dan sel Th2, yang dapat meningkatkan ekspresi molekul adhesi endotel (IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF) dan eosinofil chemoattractant (eotaxin, IL-5, RANTES). Oleh pengaruh IL-3, IL-5 dan GM-CSF meningkatkan survival eosinofil di jaringan. Pelepasan granula eosinofil yang mengandung berbagai macam mediator inflamasi yaitu major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) dan eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) menyebabkan timbulnya gejala hiperaktif atau hiperresponsif pada hidung (Irawati dkk, 2007; Novina, …show more content…
Pemeriksaan Fisik Pemeriksaan rinoskopi anterior didapatkan mukosa edem, basah, berwarna pucat atau livid disertai adanya sekret encer yang banyak. Mukosa hidung akan tampak hipertrofi apabila gejalanya persisten. (Irawati dkk, 2007).
3. Pemeriksaan Penunjang
a. Pemeriksaan in vitro
Hitung eosinofil dalam apusan darah tepi dapat meningkat maupun normal, namun kadarnya juga dipengaruhi oleh infeksi dan pemberian kortikosteroid. Demikian pula pemeriksaan kadar IgE total (prist-paper radio immunosorbent test) didapatkan normal pada 50% pasien alergi. Pemeriksaan kadar IgE spesifik bisa dilakukan dengan metode RAST (Radio Allergosorbent Test), ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), atau RAST enzim untuk menentukan jenis alergen yang spesifik (Irawati dkk, 2007; Sudewi dkk, 2009)
b. Pemeriksaan in vivo
Alergi penyebab dapat dicari dengan cara pemeriksaan uji kulit yang dapat dilakukan dengan 3 cara, yaitu cara intradermal, uji tusuk (skin prick test/SPT), dan uji gores (scratch test). SPT memiliki sensitivitas lebih rendah namun spesifitasnya lebih tinggi dan memiliki korelasi yang lebih baik dengan gejala yang timbul dibandingkan dengan uji intradermal (Sudewi,

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Powerful Essays

    Standards are necessary within an organization to promote discipline, production, and efficiency. Recently, the Sergeant Major of the Army visited the Sergeants Major Academy and the focus of his presentation was really about Army Standards. The Sergeant Major’s message got me thinking about Army standards and the inconsistent application of these standards throughout the Army, specifically the ethical dilemmas that arise due to this inconsistency. If an organization’s standards are applied inconsistently, that organization’s culture changes and allows room for unethical application of those standards. In the Army we see this inconsistent application of standards in the areas of height and weight standards, the APFT, the tattoo policy, application of punishment through the UCMJ, and in unit reporting.…

    • 1796 Words
    • 8 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Good Essays

    If the patient is adequately sensitive to oral glucocorticoids such as prednisolone (Alangari, 2014), then these should continue being prescribed to them, but if the patient suffers from glucocorticoid-sensitive asthma, then drugs that desensitize GCRs by inhibiting them may prove to be beneficial to them. The action of these drugs would promote the binding of glucocorticoid hormones to any present GCRs by reducing the competitive binding to the alternate isoform, thus increasing their effect. This would decrease the levels of sputum eosinophils aiding the prevention of fixed airflow obstruction, or maintain it at low levels at the very…

    • 566 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Better Essays

    Nf Isaab Lab Report

    • 1250 Words
    • 5 Pages

    The cell cultures were placed in four wells so it would be possible to determine if a specific substance can activate NF-κB. Well #1 was used as a control with no additions of substances. In well #3 the proteasome inhibitor TLCK was added and incubated for five minutes, thereafter there was an additional five minutes wait before the addition of other substances to the wells to make sure the inhibitor fully diffused into the cells. Following, in well #2 the bacterial protein LPS was added and in both well #3 and #4 cytokine IL-1 before the whole cell culture plate was incubated for 15…

    • 1250 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Best Essays

    References: Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR. International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J. 1995; 8: 483-491.…

    • 3221 Words
    • 13 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Good Essays

    The esophagus is unique from the rest of gastrointestinal tract ,normally there are no eosinophils in the esophagus[15].The mechanism of dysphagia in EoE is multifactorial ,including mucosal stickness ,esophageal fibrosis,strictures and ring formation [4].Eosinophils produce and release many proteins and mediators,particularly major basic protein(MBP),eosinophilic cationic protein(ECP),eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophilic peroxidase play major role in tissue damage and remodling [8, 47], serum analysis of absolute eosinophil count (AEC) ECP, and EDN were higher in EoE subjects in one prospective cohort study .Moreover AEC predicted post-treatment eosinophilia, suggesting a potential role in monitoring EoE disease activity [48].Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)[49] promotes squamous differentiation of basal progenitor calls upon their activation in adults esophagus, and basal cell hyperplasia is associated with high levels of follistatin on biopsies sample [6].The important inflammatory mediators Th2-type cytokines IL-4 , IL-5, IL-13 [1, 16, 20, 38, 39, 50-53] are involved in trafficking eosinophils into esophageal tissue[9, 30].Activation of STAT6 by IL-4 and IL13 to mediate the pathogenesis of allergic disorders [38, 54], epithelial cells have been recognized as major effectors in initiating EoE, both through their recruitment of iNKT cells towards the esophageal epithelium, the thymic stromal lymphpoeitin (TSLP) gene and its receptor appear to be a risk…

    • 1218 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Although no allergens have been identified, there is an eosinophilic infiltrate of ETN and this suggests that there may be a hypersensitivity- or allergic-related etiology. The skin of neonates typically responds to any insult with eosinophilic cells and because premature infants are less commonly affected by ETN it is believed that the skin of an immunologically mature newborn is required to generate the reaction. Contact and mechanical irritation have both been ruled out as potential etiologies for toxic erythema of the…

    • 497 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Best Essays

    not be useful if pathophysiological process is being driven through inflammation. A classification based on…

    • 3521 Words
    • 15 Pages
    Best Essays
  • Good Essays

    Interleukin-8 Il-6

    • 112 Words
    • 1 Page

    Cytokines are extracellular signaling proteins formed by various cells types in the body. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine and lymphokine. IL-6 is produced by almost all different types of lung cells including endothelial cells, airway epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and, most notably, alveolar macrophages. IL-6 is thought to play a role in all types of acute lung inflammation through its stimulatory effects on lymphocytes and the acute phase response. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a CXC chemokine, is an important neutrophil chemoattractant and activator.…

    • 112 Words
    • 1 Page
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    | Alterations in the Immune and Inflammatory Response * Inflammation and immunity * Alterations in immune function…

    • 485 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Better Essays

    Immunity 6:361–369. 25. Specht, C., R. Junker, A. Kruger, A. Rademaekers, H. Redlich, and E. Kolsch. 1999. Involvement of CD28 cosignalling in the T cell-mediated suppression of the IgG antibody response against the TI-2 antigen alpha(133) dextran. Immunobiology 201:49–63. 26. Springer, T. A., M. L. Dustin, T. K. Kishimoto, and S. D. Marlin. 1987. The lymphocyte function-associated LFA-1, CD2, and LFA-3 molecules: cell adhesion receptors of the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 5:223–252. 27. Termeer, C., F. Benedix, J. Sleeman, C. Fieber, U. Voith, T. Ahrens, K. Miyake, M. Freudenberg, C. Galanos, and J. C. Simon. 2002. Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan activate dendritic cells via toll-like receptor 4. J. Exp Med. 195:99–111. 28. Thompson, C. B. 1995. Distinct roles for the costimulatory ligands B7-1 and B7-2 in T helper cell differentiation. Cell 81:979–982. 29. Thurner, B., C. Roder, D. Dieckmann, M. Heuer, M. Kruse, A. Glaser, P. Keikavoussi, E. Kampgen, A. Bender, and G. Schuler. 1999. Generation of large numbers of fully mature and stable dendritic cells from leukapheresis products for clinical application. J. Immunol. Methods 223:1–15. 30. Tzianabos, A. O., A. Chandraker, W. Kalka-Moll, F. Stingele, V. M. Dong, R. W. Finberg, R. Peach, and M. H. Sayegh. 2000. Bacterial pathogens induce abscess formation by CD4 T-cell activation via the CD28-B7-2 costimulatory pathway. Infect. Immun. 68:6650–6655. 31. Tzianabos, A. O., R. W. Finberg, Y. Wang, M. Chan, A. B. Onderdonk, H. J. Jennings, and D. L. Kasper. 2000. T cells activated by zwitterionic molecules prevent abscesses induced by pathogenic bacteria.…

    • 6157 Words
    • 25 Pages
    Better Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    SWOT Analysis

    • 582 Words
    • 3 Pages

    A tool that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. Specifically, SWOT is a basic, straightforward model that assesses what an organization can and cannot do as well as its potential opportunities and threats. The method of SWOT analysis is to take the information from an environmental analysis and separate it into internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats). Once this is completed, SWOT analysis determines what may assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives, and what obstacles must be overcome or minimized to achieve desired results.…

    • 582 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    The Ideal Inflammation

    • 235 Words
    • 1 Page

    Inflammation is a biological process orchestrated, induced by microbial infection or tissue damage. A major trigger of inflammation is the recognition of microbes by specific receptors of the innate immune system, which play a crucial role in the induction of the first signals that initiate and establish the inflammatory framework [1]. A primary function of inflammation is to resolve the infection and repair the damage in order to achieve the balance of homeostasis. Thus, the ideal inflammatory response is rapid and destructive, but specific and self-limiting [2]. The importance of this balance is demonstrated by the results of certain chronic infectious or inflammatory disorders, according to which the inflammatory response causes more damage…

    • 235 Words
    • 1 Page
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Upon pathogen recognition, macrophages will proceed to phagocytose the bacteria and release chemokines and cytokines. Cytokines act on blood vessels causing dilation and increase in vascular permeability. Cytokines also act on vascular endothelium, causing endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules. The action of cytokines on blood vessels and endothelial cells helps immune cells to leave the blood vessels and enter the infected tissue. Chemokines released by macrophages attract cells which have chemokine receptors such as neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils and monocytes may also be recruited by C3a and C5a which are generated through the complement system when a pathogen is encountered by complement protein. Apart from serving as chemo-attractant, C5a can also activate phospholipase A2 in neutrophils. This ultimately leads to the production of prostanoids such as PGE2, which potentiate the effects of histamine and bradykinin.…

    • 406 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Audit Sistem Informasi

    • 337 Words
    • 2 Pages

    Desktop review merupakan tes yang paling sederhana. Tujuan tes ini adalah menggabungkan dokumen dan mengeliminasi eror yang ada. Setelah eror dikoreksi, langkah selanjutnya adalah functional test.…

    • 337 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays