1.1
The traditional viewpoint of management
This concept focuses on efficiency and is split into three main branches, namely; bureaucratic management, scientific management and administrative management. Scientific management focuses on the – one best way to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization.
The behavioural viewpoint of management Behavioural or human relations management emerged in the 1920s and dealt with the human aspects of organizations. It is an approach to management that is primarily concerned with human psychology, motivation and leadership. The systems viewpoint of management
This concept represents an approach of solving problems by diagnosing them within a framework of input, transformation processes, outputs and feedbacks and a organization has limited interaction with its external and internal environments.
The contingency viewpoint of management
This viewpoint is useful because of its diagnostic approach, because it clearly departs from the one-best-way approach of the traditionalists. It encourages managers to analyse and understand situational differences and to choose the solution best suited to the organisation, the process and the people involved in each situation.
The quality viewpoint of management
This viewpoint emphasizes achieving customer satisfaction by providing high quality goods and services. It is defined as how well a product does what is supposed to do.
The flexible viewpoint of management
It emerged in the mid-1980s as a result of economic turbulence experienced by many organizations. In fulfilling this role managers are expected to be proactive and holistic and to have the ability to know which leadership style they should use in different circumstances.
The principle-led viewpoint of management
It still emerging and is not yet clearly delineated in management literature. It requires organizations to place even greater