Chronic bronchitis B. Bronchial Asthma * Recurrent and reversible shortness of breath * Occurs when the airways of the lungs become narrow as a result of: * Bronchospasms * Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa * Edema of the bronchial mucosa * Production of viscid mucus * Alveolar ducts/alveoli remain open, but airflow to them is obstructed * Symptoms * Wheezing * Difficulty breathing C. Asthma *…
Chronic bronchitis, also known as type B COPD or “blue bloater” in most cases (90%) is caused by cigarette smoking with the typical patient being overweight. It is symptomatically diagnosed with a conformation of chest radiography showing increased bronchial vascular markings, congested lung fields, enlarged horizontal cardiac silhouette and evidence of previous pulmonary infection (this is why RS’s right lower lobe is thought to be consistent with pneumonia). As well pulmonary function tests show normal total lung capacity, increased residual volume, and decreased FEV. Arterial blood gas evaluation may show elevated PaCO2 and decreased PaO2 (often below 65mm Hg). Secondary polycythemia related to continuous or nocturnal hypoxemia is common, which leads to a compensatory production of red blood cells in an attempt to carry more oxygen to the body tissues.…
R.S. is a long-time smoker who developed bronchitic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He also has a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. His arterial blood gas (ABG) values are pH = 7.32, PaCO2 = 60 mm Hg, PaO2 = 50 mm Hg, HCO3 - = 30 mEq/L. His hematocrit is 52% with normal red cell indices. He is taking an inhaled ß agonist and theophylline to manage his respiratory condition. At his clinic visit, it is noted that R.S. has an area of consolidation in his right lower lobe thought to be consistent with pneumonia.…
Pneumonia is an infection in one’s lungs and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and, in rare cases, fungi. In this case, this pneumonia is caused by the rhinovirus, which is also known as Enterovirus Human rhinovirus C. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are known to commonly cause upper respiratory infections (URIs). The reasons why I am led to believe that this is the result is because in some cases a URI, if not treated, can lead to pneumonia. Sore throat and nasal dryness are some of the first common initial symptoms of a rhinovirus (RV) infection. The patient’s symptoms began with a sore throat and a dry cough. With the most recent symptoms, the doctor decides to perform a physical examination, which reveals a mild fever, slight…
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that develops 48 hours or longer after patients has intubated and received mechanical ventilation. An infection may develop if microscopic organisms or germs invade the intubation of the patient’s lower respiratory tract and lung parenchyma (Koenig, S. M., 2006). According to the 2009 National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report, the accountability for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) preventions includes hospital’s CEO and senior management. They must assure that the hospital supports an infection prevention and control program to adequately prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). They must also ensure that proper training and educational programs are in place to…
Some infants with PDA are asymptomatic with no intervention required, however, due to exposure to infection, they may need antibiotics to avoid the occurrence of bacterial endocarditis. Respiratory management is also essential because premature infants with symptomatic PDA may need prolonged respiratory support such as mechanical ventilation or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Moreover, signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) must be closely monitored and reported, infants who developed CHF need diuretic and digoxin therapy, and regular blood testing to address electrolyte imbalances. Furthermore, fluid restriction can also have an impact on PDA closure, therefore, clinicians should have a good understanding of the cardiovascular and fluid changes that occurs after birth (Kim,…
In addition to DORV, affected infants usually tend to have a hole in the muscular wall that separates the left ventricle from the right. This condition is referred to as a ventricular septal defect (VSD). The location of the VSD in relation to the aorta and/ or pulmonary artery is used to classify the four different types of DORV. Other defects that may also be seen in these infants are pulmonary artery stenosis and transposition of the great vessels.…
Ventilator Assisted Pneumonia (VAP) is a relevant topic which cannot be overlooked due to its significant effect on health care cost, prolonged hospital stay and eventual cause of death if untreated. It’s considered a hospital-acquired infection triggered by the aspiration of bacteria past the endotracheal cuff after 48 hours of being intubated, which can develop into pneumonia (Roberts and Moule, 2011). Your poster was precisely displayed with concise points on the key elements. I was amazed by the addition of $40,000 to each admission cost and the increament of risk of death due to VAP. This supports the importance of reducing this problem in intensive care units where it normally happens. I enjoyed reading your post and support your effort…
The most common form of congenital defect is Ventricular Septal Defect or VSD. A VSD is an opening of the septum that separates the left and right side of the heart, or commonly known as a hole in the heart. This is found between the ventricles. The severity of the symptoms vary based on the size of the hole. Smaller defects often don’t present any symptoms, where patients with larger defects will often have a distinct heart murmur. The Atrial Septal Defect, or ASD, is a defect or hole in the wall between the atria, which is the two upper chambers of the heart. Children that suffer from atrial defects typically don’t show any symptoms. These defects generally do not require any intervention and close on their own over time. Two other types of defects are the Pulmonary and Aortic Stenosis’s . A Pulmonary Stenosis is the narrowing of the heart valve that normally allows blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The Aortic Stenosis is the narrowing of the heart valve that lets the blood flow from the heart into the main artery of the body, or aorta, and out to the rest of the body. Both types require the heart to work overtime to provide the necessary blood flow that the body needs.…
Today hospitals as businesses, as well as health care institutions, face many obstacles while caring, treating, and rehabilitating patients during their hospital stay. The community as a whole tends to follow a pattern of trends that include specific health conditions including Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), and Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). These three conditions are part of a collection of diagnoses that have been deemed the title of Core Measures. Core Measures and National Patient Safety Goals were created with the intention of delivering evidence based practice to the bedside to ensure continuity of care.…
September 11, 2001just after 8:45a.mif you turned the television on the images you saw took your breath away. Little did we know that 14 years later that would be one of the aftermath a lot of the servers, first responders and people who were in the area that day would still be feeling. Due to the collapse of the Twin Towers and the fumes from jet fuel burning people are surfing daily from repertory issue. Some of the first responds started becoming ill weeks after this. They began developing repertory problem; Asthma, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sarcoidosis and Lung cancer are just some of the issues they devolved. Soon people that where in area that day began devolving the same issues. Now these poor people have this will be haunted not just of image they much rather forget but along road of poor health.…
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital acquired infection occurs in the intensive care unit (ICU) for the patients who are on mechanical ventilator. It further complicates the hospital course by extending the length of stay, increase the cost of treatment, and increases the mortality rate. It is estimated that about 1% to 3% patients on mechanical ventilator develops VAP per day. Compared to the previous years, the Chlorhexidine mouth care and other ventilator bundle strategies decreased the VAP rate. Evidence based research studies proved that almost 89.7% reduction in VAP occurs after the implementation of ventilator bundle and other care related to it (Hutchins et al, 2009). Ventilator care bundle was introduced in 2005 by the Institute of Healthcare Improvement with the aim to increase nursing compliance with evidenced-based actions to decrease the VAP rate (Sedwick et al, 2012).…
The respiratory disease that I chose is Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. This disease is very interesting to me because, I just had to research about it because my husband just had to go to the doctor because they think this is what he may have. I have learned a lot, Pulmonary arterial hypertension of variable degree is commonly associated with adult congenital heart disease. Doctors say that you have to pay attention to the size and location of the underlying cardiac defect as well as on repair status, pulmonary arterial hypertension arterial. Pulmonary arteries are thought to be not so normal if they can’t carry blood from…
However, in general, the more premature the infant, the less the surfactant production and the higher the probability for RDS. Direct tracheal instillation of surfactant has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity in infants with RDS. Lack of surfactant leading cause of pulmonary complications in the neonate, also lungs become stiff and non-compliant. Also lack of surfactant causes energy loss, hypoxia, and hypoventilation. There are other neonatal lung disorders in which inadequate functional surfactant may be a prominent element of the pathophysiology either by in activation or inhabitation of synthesis. These include meconiunm aspiration syndrome, shock lung, pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumonia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and broncho pulmonary dysplasia…
Congenital heart defects in children are frightening conditions that are yet to be understood fully by cardiologists (Mayo Clinic). Ranging from a benign murmur to complete cardiac arrest, congenital heart defects are important disorders to be educated about (Fulton). Because of the potential severity of these illnesses, one should understand what is thought to cause this, forms of it, the risk involved, precautionary measures, and what the prognosis is. By having a comprehensive view on the topic, parents, teachers, health care professionals, and day care providers can have the knowledge to recognize signs and symptoms of congenital heart defects in children and treat them accordingly (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). By having a well-rounded view of this condition, prevention and action can be taken (Fulton).…