Research

RUAHA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
(A Constituent of St. Augustine University of Tanzania SAUT)
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) Department of Education.

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COURSE NAME: GEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT

COURSE CODE: RGEO 211

NATURE OF WORK: GROUP ASSIGNMENT

NAME OF RECTURER: MR. MDAGE

|NO. |NAME |ADMISSION NUMBER |
|01. |KAMUGISHA FAISAL |ID 0648/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|02. |IDDY BIYANI |ID 0174/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|03. |KADINDE SHARON |ID 0451/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|04. |LUVANDA FIDELIS. E |ID 0458/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|U05. |GASPARY CLIAN |ID 0472/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|06. |AMAN YUSUFU |ID 0381/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|07. |LACKSON FRANK |ID 0586/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|08. |ASUKENYE DAVID |ID 0165/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|09. |KIMARO INNOCENT. J |ID 0728/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|10. |GAUDENCE JOHN |ID 0697/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|11. |KISIGA DEOGRASIAS |ID 0759/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|12. |MALIMA EZEKIEL |ID 0793/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|13. |MAHENGE HOSIANA |ID 0070/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|14. |ERNEST EGBERT |ID 0017/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|15. |KABUCHE ALOYCE. C |ID 0403/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|16. |HAULE FRED |ID 0026/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|17. |ATUMU HASSANI |ID 0166/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|18. |MUHADA MAIGE |ID 0805/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|19. |KAHELA DICKSON |ID 0858/BA.ED/T/2011 |
|20. |HAMISI ASHA |ID 0397/BA.ED/T/2011 |

QUESTION:10 Discuss the factors which influence urbanization in less developing countries.

Urbanization is defined as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population usually that of a country lives in town and cities. (David Waugh: 418). Urbanization refers to the process by which a population becomes concentrated on cities or urban places. (The new encyclopedia Britannica 1974: 457) Urbanization simply defined as the shift from a rural to an urban society and involves an increase in the number of people in urban area during a particular year. Urbanization is the outcome of social, economic and political development that lead to urban concentration and growth of large cities, changes in land use and transformation from rural to metropolitan pattern of organization and governance. (http//www.nwiterms.com/life styles). Generally, urbanization refers to the process through which the proportion of population living in cities increases. The origin of urbanization in the World may be traced back in 4th Millennium B. C where there were very small proportional of the people living in urban centers, up to 1800’s only 3% of the global population lived in urban centers, the United Nation made estimation that in 1998, the 48% was excepted to be living in the urban centers, by the year 2025 over 60% is excepted to be living in urban centers and this drastic change excepted to be held in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and particularly in the less developing countries. (Petter o.multer 2003:202) Also urbanization in less developed countries have the following features like economic stagnation or low economic growth, financial weak municipalities which lead to the incapable of providing basic services to the people, absence coherent urban planning and environmental degradation. Urbanization in developing countries is influenced by three main causes as follows: - Firstly, natural increase, caused by a decrease in death rates while birth rates remain high, this is a significant factor in the growth of cities in the developing countries. The natural increase inspired by improving medical care, better sanitation and improved food supplies, which reduces death rates and cause population increase and hence urbanization. Secondly, Government policy, most of less developed countries policies put more emphasis on the development of urban areas such as building infrastructure in both social and human infrastructure and industrial locations, hence most of people are attracted to live in urban areas due to the goods services and
Availability of job opportunities. For example Ant-accommodations policy which made the destruction of squatter’s areas such as Dar-es-Salaam in areas like Manzese and Buguruni Thirdly, is rural urban migration which is divided into two major factors , push and pull factors by starting of pull factors as follows:- (David Waugh: 366). Trade activities, the cities or towns are known to be places where money services and wealth are centralized. Many rural inhabitants are entering to the city for reason of seeking business which provide jobs and exchange capital are more concentrated in urban areas, the source is trading activities hence leading to urbanization. (Richard white 2008: 228) Availability of social services, it means that most of the people move from rural area to the town where there is adequate availability of social services for example schools, hospitals, water sanitation and electricity this lead to increase proportional total number of population in town hence urbanization existed. Defense and security due to the availability of security centre like military ballacks and police station. People in rural areas attracted and tend to migrate to cities and towns (urban) for the seek of security and the defense and this is much applicable to these areas whose people are very tired of crimes for example the area along side the side the border land and interior of the country. Availability of employment opportunities in urban areas such as in industrial activities and mining centers influenced urbanization, hence people employed and due to this led to the increase of population which led to the development of urban areas. Also employment opportunities influence the availability of social services such as education, health centers and food supply which increase the number of people in town hence urbanization. Apart from that the following are push factors such as diseases, the existence of disease in rural areas may lead to rural-urban migration. This may occur especially where there is epidemic disease like cholera and polio, leading most of people migrate to urban for seeking medical care, therefore this migration lead the increase of number of people in urban area hence as the result of urbanization. More poverty, most of people migrate form rural areas to towns because of absolute poverty. Therefore of this poverty most people migrate to urban area wishing at economic prosperity hence eliminating poverty as the result poverty in rural areas has lead to the increase proportion of number of number of people in area of destination that is (town, cities) leading to the formation of urbanization. Unemployment, most of the rural people shift from their origin areas to ht e urban areas in search for more paying jobs which they are likely to be found in rural areas which make them to more in towns and cities for the purpose of improving their economies of their families. Poor social services, in the most of the areas which have experiencing the problem of social services such as water supply, electricity, health-care, education center, poor transport and communication, they have low population because most of the people tend to move from that place to another place which is in urban to search that services and through that lead to the increase or development of urbanization. (W. J. Minns 1984:170) Generally, urbanization in less developed countries are faced with a lot of challenges such as rising level of pollution, population explosion, high costs of living, economic disparity, increase in crime rates, and poor sewage system, these challenges may be mitigated by introduction of community transport, expansion of water services, improvement of sewage system, demolization of unplanned settlement and improvement of both social and human infrastructure.

REFERENCES
Waugh, D. 3rd ed: Geography and integrated approach. Walter cluwers busness publisher.
White R. (2008): African in focuss. Macmillan publisher malysia

Muller, O.P. (2003) 8th: Annual Edition Geography. Mc Graw-hill companies. Newyork. United State of America.

W.J.MINNS (1984): Geography of Africa. McMillan publisher. Hong Kong. China.
P.H, Samuel (1979); population and development. Mc Graw hill companies. Newyork.

The new encyclopedia Britanica in 30 volumes 15th Ed Helen Hemiguary Benton publisher 1974 Chicago. U.S.A

References: Waugh, D. 3rd ed: Geography and integrated approach. Walter cluwers busness publisher. White R. (2008): African in focuss. Macmillan publisher malysia Muller, O.P. (2003) 8th: Annual Edition Geography. Mc Graw-hill companies. Newyork. United State of America. W.J.MINNS (1984): Geography of Africa. McMillan publisher. Hong Kong. China. P.H, Samuel (1979); population and development. Mc Graw hill companies. Newyork. The new encyclopedia Britanica in 30 volumes 15th Ed Helen Hemiguary Benton publisher 1974 Chicago. U.S.A