Research Method Psychology

PSYCHOLOGY TEST 2
Psychology: Is a scientific stiudy about human behaviour and mind that are affectrd by the environment and internal processes. Psycholgy explain how we think, act, and feel and behave.
5 branches of Psychology
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Psychoanalysis
Behaviorist
Humanistic
Cognitive
Neuroscience

Scientific method in Psychology
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Ask question
Research
Consctruct hypothesis
Do the experiment
Analyze whether your (check) hypothesis is true or not
If its wrong then you need to make a new hypothesis and analyze where you did wrong in the experiment (think again)
7. Do the experiment again
8. Make a report abour the experiment
William Wundt
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He’s the founder of modern psychology
He established the first psychology laboratory in 1879
He analyzed human consicious via instropection
He’s the one who found the concept of human mind

Sampling methods
Opportunity/convenience sampling – Whoever happens to be there and agree to participate in the experiment
(+) Convinient for the researcher to find generelization
(-) The result may be bias, because it is not guarantee the representative of target population

Self selected samplig – Volunteers.
(+) High motivation for the participant
(-) The bias due to participant expectation
Snowball sampling – is where the participant recruit other participant from among their friends (they’re connected with a cretain issues) ex: smoking and drugs (+) Gain more participant in difficult social psychology research
(-) The result may be bias, because the information might only come or limited group of network
Systematic random sampling – Random but systematic
(+) Equal chance for the participant
(-) Time consuming
Stratified random sampling
(+) Represents group (each)
(-) Time consuming
Ethical Consideration
Decieve participant
Debriefing the participant
Withdraw from the study
Inform consent
Protection of mental & physical harm
Confedentiality og the participant
Research in Psychology
1. Quantitative (Experimental)
Types of experiment:
Laboratory Experiment – the highly controlled so that only IV that affect to the DV
(+) Can see clearly the effect of the IV to DV
(-) Is there any variable causes only by one single variable
Natural Experiment – The experiment that is conducted in the setting where the behaviour mostly occurred

Correlational experiment (Study)
The experiment where IV cannot be changes and the intention is to see the
“correlation” (not the casual relationship)
IV that cannot be changed for ex: right handed or left handed, gender, race, and blood type
To consider in doing experiment
Validity – Whether a research does what it claims to do.
• Ecological Validity : Is whether a research shows what happen in the real life
• Cross-cultural Validity: Is whether a research relevant to other culture
Reliability – Consistency of a set of measurement or of a measuring instrument, often used to describe
Confounding Variable – The undesirable that influence he relationship between
IV and DV
• Demand Charateristic: Is when the participant act differently simply because they know they are in an experiment – Single blind control
• Researcher Bias: Is where participant and researcheer does not know the aim of the study – Double blind control
• Participant Variability – When charateristic of the sample effect the dependent variable
• Artificiality – When the situation created is so unlikely to occur that the one has to wonder if there is any validity in the findings.
2. Qualitative (non-experimental research)
Inductive process: Form Participants to researcher then analyze and the last thing is theory.
Data: Transcript interview, Pictures & Videos, Diary, Field notes, etc.
Analyze: Interpretatively
Interview:
• Sturctured Interview: Where the researcher have written all the question in order and when they ask the question also in order.
• Semi-structured Interview: Where the Interviewee can answer more freely if more information needed (informal interview)

• Unstructured Interview: Only the topic given and available time.
(+) Can explore more about internall process of certain phenomenon from the point of view of interviewee/participants
(-) Interviewee can fake good, due to social desirability & participant bias or lack of trust to the interviewer (uncomfortable)
Observation:
• Participant Observation – where the observer be a part of the group that is being observe
• Non-participant Observation – where the observer is not the part of the groups that is being observe
• Covert Observation – Where participant doesn’t know that they’re being observe
• Overt Observation – Where participants know that the observer is a researcher (+) Because th eobservation is done in the nature of the behavior it shows that high level of ecological validity
(-) Human mental processes can’t be observe and when the participants know they’re being observe thay automatically change their behaviour toward the observer but they will get tired of faking then they will act naturally as they behave normally.

Approach
Start with
Type of data

Quantitative
Deductive
Hypothesis
Numbers

Analyze
Methods

Statistically
Lab & natural

Qualitative
Inductive
Participant
Transript interview, pictures & videos, etc.
Interpretitavely
Interview & observe