Research Paper

OUTLINE of PHILIPPINES HISTORY
Prehistoric Prelude: No pre-hominid or hominid species such as Australopithecus or homo erectus has been found in the Philippines. The first human beings probably reached the Philippines about 40,000 years ago at roughly the same time as they reached Australia and New Guinea. The Philippines, like Australia and New Guinea, were never actually joined to the south east Asian mainland but, at the low ocean levels, the water barrier was much less. The earliest human bones found in the Philippines were on Palawan of modern type and date to 22,000 years ago although stone tools from Palawan date back to 30,000 years ago. The original people of the Philippines were the ancestors of the people known today as Negritos or Aeta. They are an Australo-Melanesian people with dark skin and tight, curly brown hair. They are also distinctively small and of short stature. As the Pygmies in the equatorial forests of Africa, the Aeta are believed to have adapted locally to the tropical jungles of the Philippines. The Aeta are a nomadic hunting and gathering people who forage in small family bands with an informal organization and leadership. They were once widespread throughout the Philippines but are now found only in the remote highland areas of Luzon, Palawan, Panay, Negros and Mindanao. On Taiwan, the Austronesian speaking fishermen-farmers (who had migrated from China between 4,000 and 3,000 BCE) honed their sea-faring skills. They soon embarked on one of the most astonishing and extensive colonizations in human history known as the Austronesian expansion. By about 2,500 BC, one group, and just one group of Austronesian speakers from Taiwan had ventured to northern Luzon in the Philippines and settled there. The archaeological record from the Cagayan Valley in northern Luzon shows that they brought with them the same set of stone tools and pottery they had in Taiwan. The descendants of this group spread their language and culture through the Indo-Malayan archipelago as far west as Madagascar off the east coast of Africa and as far east as Hawaii and Easter Island in the central Pacific Ocean. For the most part, the Austronesians encountered unoccupied coasts and islands. Where they met hunting and gathering cultures, their horticultural productivity and population growth soon overwhelmed the aboriginal occupants. All the surviving Aeta populations in the Philippines speak Austronesian languages. Where they met established agrarian cultures, such as along the coasts of Vietnam (Champa) and Indo-China, their incursions were limited. The speed of the Austronesian expansion was also a consequence of their maritime culture. Under the pressure of an expanding population, adventurous colonizers would prefer to settle new lands on coasts and islands before pressing inland and away from the sea. Furthermore, the Austronesian kinship system gave higher status, prestige and authority to the lineages most closely related to the society 's founder. Austronesian culture put a premium on founding new colonies that gave an additional incentive to continued expansion. As it was, there were many new coasts and islands available for occupation and settlement. In the three thousand or so years that the Neolithic Austronesians had spent settling and populating the Indo-Malayan archipelago, on the Asian mainland sophisticated, metal-working, literate, stratified, state civilizations had developed in China behind them and in India ahead of them. Once the east to west movement of the Austronesian cultures met the high civilization of southern India, a cultural movement of Hindic-Buddhist influences reflected back through the archipelago from west to east. The Philippines are situated at the far northeastern end of the archipelago. They were involved in the very earliest stages of the Austronesian expansion. By the same geography, they were the last to receive the civilizational influences emanating from mainland Asia. Importantly, the Hindu and Buddhist influences from India were not imposed by conquest or foreign domination. The influence was also more apparent than real. Beneath the surface, the Indian religious symbols and rites were freely adapted to express the animist beliefs and ancestor worship of Austronesian culture. Nor did the influence of Indian civilization extend far beyond the royal courts. Outside the nobility, life went on for the general population much as it had for thousands of years. The Sanskrit script, for instance, does not appear to have been applied as an aid for commerce. Nor, with the notable exception of Bali, was the Indian caste system imported. The social organization continued to follow the traditional kinship system of Austronesian society. Of much greater significance, it was during these early centuries of the first millennium AD that metal working, water buffalo, irrigation and wet rice field agriculture spread through the archipelago. Whether from India or mainland Indo-China, the source of these agricultural and technical innovations is not known. By the late 10th century, the Javanese kingdoms were mounting a serious challenge to Sri Vijaya 's hegemony; so much so that in 992 it sent a mission to China seeking protection from its enemies. No doubt the Chinese appreciated the importance of order and stability for the security of traffic through the Straits. In the 11th century, Sri Vijaya 's Malayan tributaries sought help from India in throwing off its dominance. The Indian Chola states attacked Sri Vijaya in 1017, 1025 and again 1068. By 1200, Sri Vijaya had lost control over several of its principal tributaries on the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.

From about this time in the Philippines comes the historical legend of the Ten Datus from Sabah who settled in the Visayas sometime around 1212. The Ten Datus were clearly escaping from an overbearing presence on Borneo rather than appropriating new domains in the name of their sovereign. That the legend calls them "datus", not Rajas or Sultans, indicates they were Austronesian chiefs and not the heads of politically organized states. 1st Century At this time the Philippines are peopled by several tribes. The Negritos, a dwarfish race of dark-skinned people; they do not build houses, nor do they farm, but they live naked almost as do the other jungle beasts. They ornament their bodies with little cuts. Some cut their front teeth to points. They are throughout the denser jungle region. The Malayans - they migrated from the mainland and displaced the negritos into the most inhospitable areas. In northern Luzon are the Igorots of Benguet and the Tingians of Abra, peaceful and industrious tribes. Terraced gardens with irrigation networks; two and three crops per year are obtained by soil reconstitution practices (rice, cotton, tobacco, the taro, maize and sweet potato are raised). Villages are well built and compact. The Ibilao (or Ilungots) of the Caraballo Sur Mountains are headhunters. The tribes in Bontok and northern Cordillera areas are in constant warfare with one another. Other tribes are in Mindanao; on eastern coast around Mount Apo are the Bagobo, Mandaya and Manobo. West are the Subanon who raise maize and mountain rice and hemp. There are other wild tribes on the other islands. 3rd Century Malayan peoples are arriving, bringing with them the Hindu civilization: They become masters of the low country, relegating the Negritos and wilder Malays to the interior. These are new tribes; the Bisayas (of Cebu, Panay, Begros, Leyte, Samar, Bohol and northern Mindanao) the Bikols (of southern extremety of Luzon); the Tagalogs (of central Luzon, Batangas, Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Bataan, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija); the Pampangas and Pangasinans of the plain of northern Luzon; the Ilokanos (northwest coast); the Cagayanes (Cagayan valley). 13th Century Central region - trade with China is well established by this time. Philippine products are yellow wax, cotton, pearls, shells, betel nuts and jute cloth. The Chinese import porcelain, trade gold, lead objects, glass beads, iron cooking pans and iron needles. 1205 About this time Chinese author Chao Jukua writes a book on Chinese maritime commerce. One chapter is on the Philippines, called the Country of the Mayi. 15th Century Mohammedan Malays from Borneo (settled C1400; the primitive Dyaks being pushed inland) changes the relationships of the Philippinos with the Malays from one of peace and friendship to one of trade; the Moslems begin settling in Mindanao and Jolo. Traditionally, one Kabunsuan, a native of Johore and son of an Arab father and Malay mother, converts the Magindanao Moros to Islam. Others convert the Illanon Moros to Islam. Soon, the Moslem Malays are settling in the northern islands. 16th Century Opens with the Philippines in the following condition: TRIBES: The Bisayas occupy the central islands and northern coast of Mindanao; the Bikols, Tagalogs and Pampangos in Luzon. The Ilokanos are on the coastal plain facing the China Sea. The population is sparse, with the Negritos being in greater numbers, though there are many unpopulated areas. Cebu is a large, thriving community. Laguna de Bay and the Camarines are the most populous areas. CULTURE: Differs between hill people and sea dwellers. The hill dwellers wear very little if any and live in trees in nests. The sea dwellers live much in boats and build buildings over water on the shore. The greatest cultural advances are in the trading settlements, particularly at Manila with its large colony of Moslem Malays. LANGUAGES: Are derivatives from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Tagalog being considered a superior language. There is much Hindu (i.e.; Sanskrit) influence in the languages. LITERACY: Is very widespread; the Philippino alphabet having its source in Sanskrit; the only literature being poems and songs, recited or sung as canoes are rowed, rice pounded and at feasts or entertainments; there are songs of the dead and of the deeds of ancestors and deities. TRADE and COMMERCE: From Borneo comes copper and tin; from China comes porcelain, dishes, bells, cooking pans, iron lances, knives, etc, from India comes benzoin and colored blankets. The Philippines export gold, slaves, wax, seashells (used for money in different places) and white cloths. Butuan is a great trading place, especially in sugar and slaves. The Lantaka, or small caravan, is widely deployed; the knowledge of casting cannon and making powder is well known. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: Political organization centered around the community, there being no states or other large governments. Each community, the "Barangay", is headed by a chief, the "dato". There are three classes; the Maharlika paying no tribute to the dato but accompanying him in war and other adventures; the Alipingnamamahay or freedmen (liberated slaves) who are in debt to the dato, a debt inherited by children; the Siguiguiliris or slaves (either captured in war or because of debt), a condition also inheritable - the condition is not cruel or oppressive. RELIGION: Fetish worship, along with the spirits of ancestors. Animals and birds are revered. Sacrifices made. The Moslems are located in southern Mindanao, Jolo, Manila Bay, Mindoro, Lubang and Luzon coasts. 1520 (1 Nov) Magellan enters the straits then (28 Nov) leaves the straits. 1521 (7 March) Magellan reaches the Ladrones. (16 Mar) He sights Samar then (17 Mar) lands Humunu (modern Homonhon) where first contact is made with the natives where some food is obtained. (25 Mar) Arrives Limasawa but still the Spanish are unable to obtain enough food. They are directed to Cebu. (7 April) Cebu. At first resisted, the Spanish are allowed to land after Magellan formed a compact - a Blood Compact – with Humabon, the dato of

Cebu. A Spanish "factory", or trading post, is set up on Cebu. Now the dato of Cebu, who along with many others have been baptized, is at war with the islanders of Mactan. Magellan and 50 others aid their new converts against them and Magellan is killed. The new leader, Serrano, is killed by a Cebu uprising: The fleet sails minus one ship (burned) because their numbers are too few to handle three. (April-Nov) Western Mindanao, Cagayan Sulu, Pulaoan (=Palawan), Borneo (city of Brunei), Mindanao, then (8 Nov) Tidor, ruled by Almanzar. The ruler of Ternate is one Corala. The king of Gilolo is Yusuf. A trading post is established and it is hoped to hold it against the Portuguese. It is decided to send one ship, the "Victory", back to Spain, the other, the "Trinidad", to return to America. Juan Sebastian Elcano (del Cano) commands the Victoria (reaches Sanlucar, 6 Sept, 1522). The Trinidad, unable to sail against strong winds, cruises about New Guinea and returns to Tidor. 1522-3 With del Cano 's return, the minds of Spanish adventurers were greatly excited. Here was an opportunity for rich trade and profit. Many plans were laid before the king, including a spice gathering fleet to sail annually to the Moluccas. Portugal protests, as pope Alexander 's division is unclear here. 1524 Great council of ambassadors and cosmographers is held at Badajoz to settle the disagreement of whether the Moluccas are Spanish or Portuguese as to the Demarcation of Pope Alexander VI. No agreement is reached. Spain announces her resolution to occupy the Moluccas; Portugal threatens with death any Spanish adventurer found there. 1525 Spain acts immediately, sending an expedition under Jofre de Loaisa. One of the vessels is commanded by Sebastian del Cano on whose ship is Andres de Urdaneta. After much hardship the fleet enters the Pacific. Later in mid-ocean, Loaisa and del Cano die four days apart. 1526-7 Blown from Mindanao (attempting to sail to Cebu) the expedition reaches Tidor (31 Dec) where they fall into the conflict between the Portuguese and native Rajas. Their ships, battered by storms and no longer seaworthy, can go no farther. Down to about a quarter of their original force, the Spanish under Hernando de la Torre build a fort at Tidor and await help from Spain. 1527 (Oct) On the orders of the Spanish king, Cortes sends an expedition from Mexico under D. Alvaro de Saavedra. 1528 Moving rapidly by the equatorial trades, Saavedra reaches Mindanao where he reprovisions and then Tidor. 1529-36 Twice Saavedra tries to beat eastward but fails, being driven back upon Tidor where he dies. The survivors are forced to abandon Tidor and surrender to the Portuguese, who then assist them in returning to Spain (reach Lisbon 1536). 1529 Treaty of Zaragoza; Charles V mortgages his claim to the Moluccas for 350,000 gold ducats. 1542 A Spanish expedition under Lopez de Villalobos leaves Mexico to explore the Philippines and reach China. Some of the Pacific islands he takes possession of in the name of Spain are perhaps the Pelew Islands or the Carolines. 1543 Villalobos lands Mindanao, but deaths and sickness forces him to Sarangani. Here the hostile natives are driven off. Musk, amber, oil and gold dust is acquired. They begin planting maize for food. Villalobos sends a vessel to Cebu, it reaches Samar. He names the island Felipina in honor of the Spanish Infante (heir apparent) Philip. The Portuguese demand the Spanish leave, claiming Mindanao belongs with the Celebes. Villalobos goes to Gilolo where he surrenders to the Portuguese after long fruitless negotiations. He dies on Amboyna after being ministered to by St Francis Xavier. 1544 The Spanish king decrees the abolition of the "Encomenderos" in New Spain. Commissioners representing the municipality of Mexico and the religious orders are sent to Spain asking the king to revoke at least those parts of the "New Laws" that threaten the interests of the settlers. 1545 (20 Oct) By royal decree, the desired revocation is granted. Spanish settlers are overjoyed but enslaved Indians face a bleak future. These laws are carried to the Philippines (see 1571). NOTE: Character of the Spanish explorers: Effected by enterprising and wealthy private individuals, they hold commissions from the Spanish crown, their actions are subject to strict royal control and a large part of their profits and plunder are paid to the royal treasury. The Spanish nobility undertake these expeditions w/ the courage and fixed determination born of their long struggle with the Moors. Many rise to positions of eminence and power, but the titles of viceroy and governor are saved for the king 's favorites. 1559 Philip II commands the viceroy of Mexico to again discover the islands lying toward the Moluccas but to respect Portuguese rights. One Andres de Urdaneta is appointed to go with the expedition; he plans to colonize New Guinea. 1564 (21 Nov) The expedition leaves Natividad, Mexico, under command of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, and 1565 (22 Jan) Reaches the Ladrones but has trouble with the natives. (13 Feb) The southern end of Samar is reached; Legazpi takes possession in the name of the king. (16 Feb) The expedition rounds southern Samar, reaches the coast of southern Leyte, discovers and lands (5 March) Kabalian where they reprovision. (15 March) About this time arrives Bohol, the eastern or southern shore. Capturing a Moro proa of Borneo near Goiti they discover there 's quite a trade between Bohol and Mindanao with Borneo. (March-April) Friends are made with Bohol and Legazpi performs a blood covenant with Sicatuna, dato of Bohol. (27 April) The expedition arrives Cebu; opposed by the natives who are dispersed upon the ships firing a few guns; the natives fire the town and leave. The Spanish land.

They discover an image of Jesus Christ left by Magellan. (April-May) A settlement is made and friendship is made with the natives; the dato Tupas recognizes the sovereignty of Spain and a mutual assistance pact is made w/the natives against enemies of either. Friar Martin Herrada quickly learns the Filipino vocabulary and is preaching the gospel in native tongue. (1 June) Legazpi sends the "San Pablo" back to North America; it takes the northern route discovered by one of Legazpi 's ships on the way to the Philippines; a safe Philippine-New Spain route free of Portuguese interference. The permanent occupation of the Philippines by the Spanish begins at this time. NOTE: Philip II 's aggressive policy of Christianization places the missionary in an important position: In the Philippines the orders (the Dominicans, the Franciscans and the Augustinians) become central institutions. The power and importance of the Spanish missionary outweighed that of the soldier or governor both in settlement and control of the native inhabitants. 1566 Ships with reinforcements arrive from New Spain. 1567 Legazpi sends another vessel to New Spain. 1568 Ships with reinforcements arrive from New Spain. 1569 A Portuguese fleet attacks and blockades Cebu; Legazpi moves his camp to Panay. Meanwhile, Captain Enriquez de Guzman has discovered Masbate, Burias, Ticao and landed on Luzon at Albay (then called Italon). 1570 A ship arrives with orders from the king. Legazpi is appointed (since 1769) adelentado and governor. Meanwhile, exploration of the islands has been underway. (Jan) Legazpi sends his son Juan de Salcedo to punish the marauding Moro pirates of Mindoro. He seizes Mamburao and the island of Lubang. (May) Legazpi sends field-marshal Martin de Goiti and Salcedo to take over the Mohammedan settlement of "Maynila", ruled by Sultan Raja Soliman. The Spanish take the fort but defer occupation due to the Monsoon season. Introduction of the Tribute. A tax of eight reales or a peso of silver for each family. Children under 16 and adults over 60 are exempt. 1571 (Spring) Lagazpi and 230 return to Manila; the Raja Saliman and Raja Alcandora (or Lacandola) of Tondo, declare themselves Spanish vassals. (May-June) Occupation. Reconstruction of the fort begins. Lagazpi declares Manila to be capital of the archipelago. Later, Soliman and Lacandola head a large war fleet, aided by Tagalogs and Pampangas against Manila, but they are defeated by Goiti Soliman is killed. Now Goiti continues into Luzon, is relieved by Salcedo, 22 years old. He goes up the Pasig river, takes Tagalog towns of Cainta, now fortified, and Taytay and then the area south of Laguna de Bay. He then discovers the gold mines of Paracale and Mambulao. Meanwhile, the Cuyos and Calamianes Islands have been discovered. Introduction this year of "The Encomenderos", Spain 's system of controlling the lives and labor of natives, first introduced into North America (New Spain). Captains, soldiers and priests are assigned great estates ("repartimientos") or fruitful lands; they manage and rule the natives for their own profit, soon becoming masters. He is supposed to provide for the conversion of the natives and their religious instruction. Natives, however, become virtual slaves. 1572 Salcedo sails to Zambales and Pangasinan and receives submission. Then the valley of the Cagayan then along the coast to Polillo. (20 Aug) Death of Legazpi. (Sept) Salcedo returns to Manila where Guido de Labezares has succeeded his grandfather. The Spanish conquest of the Philippines is more or less complete; the rapidity due to five factors; Legazpi 's satisfaction of the natives, the superior firepower of the Spanish soldiers, able captains, sparse population and the impressive "Power of God". 1574 Chinese pirate Limahong leaves (Nov) his base at Pehon with 62 war junks and 4,000 and heads for Manila. (30 Nov) Battle of Manila; Limahong almost defeats the Spanish who are saved by Salcedo and 50 musketeers; Limahong withdraws and settles in Pangasinan at mouth of river Lingayen 1575 (March) Salcedo and 1,750 attacks Limahong, completely defeating the Chinese but Limahong escapes. Meanwhile, a junk has arrived from the viceroy of Fukien asking for Limahong 's release to them. Two Augustinian friars accompany the junk back to China and letters from Labazares inviting Chinese friendship and intercourse. (Aug) Francisco de Sande, new governor, arrives. (Oct) Ambassadors return from China who wants to trade but does not want friars. 1576 (Feb) Chinese emperor grants the port of Amoy to the Spanish for trade only, no missionaries. 1577 Sir Francis Drake passes through. The first company of Franciscans arrives. 1577-8 Governor Sande leads a force in aid of Sirela, Malay king of Borneo against his brother. But sickness and lack of provisions force him to turn back. He sends a Spanish force against the island of Jolo, which submits. The force enters Mindanao and begins subduing the natives; this antagonizes the Mohammedan pirates which begin cruel depredations. Meanwhile, captain Juan Chaves conquers the Camarines. The city of Nueva Caceres is founded by Governor Sande. It is the seat of a bishopric. 1580 The union of Portugal and Spain is disastrous to both; Spain appropriates Portugal 's navy and is unable to protect Portugal 's far-flung empire, so it suffers. All commerce and trade with the Dutch is prohibited. (April) Governor Ronquillo arrives, governor of a region from Goa to Formosa since Portuguese territories are now annexed to

Spain 's. Rule: Attempt to succor Portuguese captain at Tidor is ruined by beri-beri. A small armada obtains pepper from Borneo and Malacca. A colony of Spaniards established at Oton. The Cagayan valley is pacified (driving out the Japanese adventurer Tayfusa). About this time the city of Nueva Segovia, at the mouth of the Cagayan river, is founded. There is a fort of stone with some mounted artillery. It is the seat of a bishopric that includes all northern Luzon. 1581 (March) The first bishop of the Philippines, Domingo de Salazar, arrives, bringing with him the first Jesuits to arrive, Antonio Sedeno and Alonzo Sanchez. The Jesuits are without resources and live in abject poverty for awhile. Soon on the insistence of the bishop, an Audiencia is appointed to place judicial review over the autocratic power of the governor and the Encomenderos, this to replace the ambitious and adventurous conqueror with a ruler in close relationship with and absolute dependence on the royal will. It is a body of men to act as a supreme court to settle actions and legal questions; they serve not only as a colonial court but also as administrators in the governor 's absence. 1583 Reacting to the extortionate and cruel encomenderos who are almost heedless of the restrictions and obligations imposed upon them, this is a year of almost continuous revolts by the natives: Many have been kept as slaves, laboring to the detriment of their own crops and the misery of their families. 1584 Arrival of Governor Santiago de Vera. He attempts to improve the system: He "studied to put into effect the orders which he brought from the king to punish certain encomenderos..." He deposes Bartolome de Ledesma, encomendero of Abuyo (Leyte) and others most culpable, and punishes others in proportion to their offenses. 1585 Juan de Morones and Pablo de Lima are sent with a well equipped squadron to the Moluccas to attack Ternate; the rising Malay strength is of concern to the Spanish. The attack fails, the governor "felt it [the failure] very deeply" but is unable to send another force because troops from New Spain have not arrived, and because the natives lose no chance to join the enemies of Spain. A plot to destroy Manila is discovered; many are seized and suffer exemplary punishment. The islands of Smar, Ybabao and Leyte are also in revolt; the encomendero of Dagami 's life is threatened. He escapes to Cebu. Captain Lorenzo de la Mota is sent to pacify things. 1586 The Jesuit Alonso Sanchez is sent to Spain on the insistence of B. Salazar, still not satisfied with Philippine affairs, to lay the needs of the colony before the king. 1587 Thomas Cavendish, after ravaging the coast of South America, makes the Moluccas where he learns of the richly laden galleons leaving the Philippines for New Spain. Between capes San Lucas and Mendocino he captures one of the galleons (the Santa Ana?), burns it, bothers the Philippines some more and returns to London. The Dominicans arrive in the Philippines. 1588 The Armada, much of it made up of appropriated Portuguese ships, is defeated off England; Spain is unable to afford complete replacement. From this time her power is gone, and her name is no longer a terror on the seas; English freebooters control the oceans. The galleons upon which the Philippines depend so much are now defenseless across the Pacific, though great profits are still to be made. The natives of Leyte again rise in revolt. 1589 King Philip issues a decree making the governor a paid officer of the crown. He has a regular paid force with him. His powers are equivalent to viceregent. The audiencia is abolished. Cagayans rise and kill many Spaniards. The revolt spreads to Dingras, Ilokos, where they rise against the collection of tribute, killing six Spaniards of the pueblo of Fernandina. 1590 (May) Don Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, new governor, arrives with the Philippines new constitution. Upset at the abolition of the Audiencia and increase of the governor 's power B. Salazar sets out for Spain. Meanwhile, the 24 Franciscans that arrive with Dasmarinas enter a dispute of how the islands are to be partitioned among them. The tribute is raised to 10 reales. To this is added a real for the church (the "sanctorum") and, on the organization of towns, a real for the caja de communidad or municipal treasury. Bishop Salazar carries a letter to the king stating he has befriended the Chinese in Manila and is warm in their praise. At this time there are in Manila and Tondo about 7,000 resident Chinese who are indispensable to the prosperity of the city. 1591 The Babuyanes are given in encomienda to Estaban de la Serna and Francisco Castillo. The islands, however, are still wild and unconverted. By this time there are 267 encomiendas; 31 are of the king and the remainder of private persons. Conversion goes on; at this time there are 140 friars in the islands, but 160 more are called for to properly supply the peoples laid under tribute. A company of Dominicans attempts to found a mission in China and four Franciscans return to Japan on the ship bringing Japanese demands for Philippine vassalage. 1592 An embassy from the king of Cambodia arrives, seeking an alliance against Siam. 1593 (Fall) After three years preparation, a fleet under Don Luis (son of Dasmarinas) sets out to conquer the Moluccas. (Oct) Dasmarinas sets out but at Marikaban his Chinese oarsmen rise and kill him. His son succeeds him for awhile.

1595 (June) Don Antonio de Morga arrives as Lieutenant Governor. He brings several Jesuit missionaries and orders that only the Jesuits may conduct missions in China and Japan; the other orders are forbidden to leave the Philippines. Dutchman Cornelius Houtman rounds Cape of Good Hope heading East. 1596 Captain Rodriguez de Figueroa given title Governor of Mindanao. (April) He leaves Iloilo to colonize Mindanao lands at Rio Grande of Mindanao and is opposed by the dato Silonga. Figueroa is killed. Don Juan Ronquillo sends reinforcements but nothing is gained; the Rio Grande forts are burned and the Spanish retire to Caldera. (1 June) New Governor DF Tello de Guzman arrives. (July-Dec) The Spanish ship for Acapulco goes ashore on the Japanese coast; its cargo seized by the local police. The Portuguese Jesuits manage to prejudice the court against the Franciscans who press for return of the property. 1597 (5 Feb) Hideyoshi, having passed the sentence of death, has the Franciscans executed. He is planning the conquest of the Philippines. Later, Salazar has managed to have the Royal Audiencia reestablished, himself raised to Abish and Ilokos, Cebu and the Camarmes the three Philippine Episcopal sees. Salazar dies and Ignacia Santibanez becomes archbishop. 1598 (28 May) I. Santibanez arrives in the Philippines (dies August). Amsterdam merchants defeat a Portuguese-Spanish fleet and secure trading settlements in Java and Johore. 1599 Moro pirates destroy Caldera presidio. Moros of Jolo and Magindanao sweep the coasts of the Bisayas. Cebu, Negros and Panay are ravaged. 1600 A large Moro fleet descends on Panay, the inhabitants flee and Juan Gallinato with 200 cannot stop the Moros, who now begin chronic piracy among the islands. Two Spanish ships bound for Acapulco are sunk, one wrecked off the Ladrones, the other off the Catanduanes. An earthquake destroys much of Manila. (Oct) Two Dutch vessels under Admiral Van Noort approach the Philippines, sinking several boats on the way. The Spanish fit up two galleons in Manila and (14 Dec) attack the Dutch. One Dutch vessel is taken. Van Noort sinks Morga 's ship (he escapes) and sails away. By this time most of Spain 's work in the Philippines comes to an end, few new fields are explored from now on. Greatest activity is in Christianizing the natives and continuing the exploitation of the land. The Spanish occupation has brought ruin and misery to some parts of the country; there is much bitterness over the evil conditions under which the natives must live. Manila, however, has become the most important European city of the East. 1601 Jesuits establish the College of San Jose. 1602 The Dutch obtain permission to establish a factory at Bantam, Java. They agree to assist the Bantamese against foreign invaders, especially Spain and Portugal. Biscaino maps the northern track for the galleons leaving the Philippines bound for New Spain; it runs from Luzon northeastward to about 42 degrees North Latitude where the westerlies prevail, thence across the Pacific to Cape Mendocino. 1603 Three Chinese mandarins arrive, sent by the emperor to find out about a reputed mountain of Cavite. The Spaniards suspect an invasion and their distrust of the Chinese population becomes known. (St Francis day) The Chinese of the Parian revolt; the pueblos of Quiapo and Tondo are burned, many Filipinos are murdered. In the fire, the Franciscan Royal Hospital is burned. Next day, 130 Spaniards under Don Luis Dasmarinas and Don Tomas Bravo are sent against the Chinese but almost all are slain. The Chinese assault the city but are driven back in terror by an apparition of Saint Francis on the walls. They erect forts on the site of the Parian and in Dilao, but they are soon driven away. 1605 The Philippean-Mexican trade, already limited on the insistence of Cadiz merchants wishing to protect their industries, to provide the barest necessities to the American colonies (only Mexico is allowed to trade with Philippines) to one ship per year, is increased to two ships per year; but they are restricted to 300 tons maximum half value of export in Chinese goods can be imported to the Americas; Spanish of Mexico or America cannot trade directly with China; Spanish vessels cannot pass from Manila to Asia; only Chinese goods brought by Chinese merchants to the Philippines can be sent to the New World. But Iberian merchants have the king place so many supervisorial regulations on this commerce that even it is crippled. The main supplies to the Pacific coasts of Mexico and North and South America are carrying through Panama. The Dutch establish factories at Amboina and Tidor (Feb). With this, many Portuguese go to the Philippines and enlist in Spanish forces. Governor Acuna prepares an attack force, including 800 arrived from Spain in 1604. 1606 (Jan) The Spanish fleet leaves the Philippines and easily takes Tidor, seizing the Dutch factory. Ternate is attacked, the fort and plaza bombarded and the town carried by storm: The Spanish finally have gained the Moluccas. Arrival in the Philippines of the Recollects, or unshod Augustinians. 1609 Spain makes a truce in her European wars with the Dutch (i.e.; Holland), but this does not cover the East. Silva becomes governor and Dutch Admiral Wittert unsuccessfully attacks Iloilo then lies at Mariveles to attack the Manila trade. 1610 (25 April) The Spanish fleet, from Cavite, attacks and soundly defeats the Dutch at Mariveles. The captives are given humane treatment. Despite this defeat, the Dutch "have arrived" in the East, never to withdraw.

About this time Manila is at the zenith of her importance: It is the capital of the eastern colonies, the mart of Asia, more splendid than Goa, more powerful than Malacca or Macao, more populous and far more securely held than Ternate and Tidor. 1616 A powerful Spanish squadron sails from Cavite to join with the Portuguese and drive the Dutch from Java. The meeting doesn 't occur and Silva dies (April) at Malacca. The fleet returns to Cavite and finds that Dutch admiral Spilbergen has bombarded Iloilo then moved to the Moluccas. 1617 Admiral Spilbergen returns to the Philippines; (13 April) Battle of Playa Honda (near Manila); he is overwhelmed by the Spanish. 1619 The Dominicans inaugurate the College of Santo Tomas, rivaling the Jesuits in giving higher education 1621 With the Jesuit administrator away to Cebu (at fiesta of canonization of St Francis Xavier) the island rises in revolt, led by old dato Bankao of Limasawa. The mayor of Cebu puts it down. 1622 A Dutch fleet besieges Macao, is repulsed; it goes to the Pescadores Islands where a fort is built and it becomes a center of Dutch harassment of Portuguese - Japanese and Manila - Amoy trade. 1624 The Chinese government has the Dutch remove their HQ from the Pescadores to Formosa; they immediately begin dominating the island, breaking up the Spanish mission stations. They establish fortresses that command the channel of the Pescadores. Meanwhile, a Dutch fleet is driven from the waters of Corregidor. Dutch depredations are forcing the abandonment of the Straits of San Bernardino as the Chinese - Manila trade route. 1626 Nino de Tabora becomes governor. During his tenure (to 1632) a bridge across the Pisig is built, connecting Manila with the Filipino district of Tondo. 1628 An expedition against the Moros of Jolo, Basilan and Mindanao destroys their forts, homes and farms in an attempt to eliminate their piracy. 1630 Another action against the Moros, but Moro sentiments have only been hardened by these moves. 1633 The emperor of Japan sends a shipload of lepers to Manila; they are taken in by the Franciscans thus establishing the leper hospital of San Lazaro. 1635 The government resolves on a change of policy toward the Moro pirates: Governor Salamanca is determined to conquer and occupy Mindanao and Jolo, this under Jesuit influence, it is opposed by the other orders. A force under Don Juan de Chaves founds a presidio at Zamboanga, the area cleared of Moro habitation and (June) the foundation for a fort is begun under direction of Jesuit father Vera. Meanwhile, Salamanca is succeeded by Corcuera, who, under Jesuit influence, continues Salamanca 's policy. (Sept?) A fleet of Moro pirates from Mindanao, Jolo and Borneo, led by chieftan Tagal, brother of Sultan Corralat of Magindanao, sails past the new presidio and begins ravaging the Bisayas, the Camarines and other islands. 1636 Loaded with booty, Tagal begins his return. Meanwhile, Zamboanga has become ready: Battle off Punta de Flechas (which is a Moro sacred place); the Moro fleet is severely defeated, many, including Tagal, are killed. To prevent Chinese and Philippine goods from entering South America, the Cadiz merchants have the trade between Mexico and Peru wholly suppressed. 1637 (22 Feb) Corcuera heads a large force from Zamboanga to Lamitan, the HQ of Corralat and power center of the Mingdanao. (14 Mar) Battle of Lamitan; the city is taken by storm; Corralat escapes. Corcuera returns to Zamboanga and organizes another expedition, this time to conquer Jolo. The place, defended by 4,000 Moros and allies from Basilan and Tawi Tawi, is besieged. 1638 Jolo falls. The Sultan flees but the Sultana is captured. The fort is reconstructed and a garrison of 400 (half are Spanish) is left. Major Almonte, appointed chief of all southern forces, is left to continue subjugation. (May) Corcuera returns to Manila. 1639 Major Almonte conquers the dato of Buhayen and founds a small presidio. Persuaded by the Jesuits, he invades Malanao territory from the north (modern Laguna de Lanao) bringing under Spanish control. By this time there are again many Chinese around Manila, farming at Calamba and other areas around Laguna de Bay: A rebellion flares up and the Chinese take part, the church of San Pedro Macati is fortified and Filipino forces are routed. The Chinese then break up into guerilla bands and begin roving the countryside. It takes Spanish forces five months to destroy them. 1640 Portugal frees herself from Spain who now loses all her dominions that were formerly Portugal 's. The Dutch seize Malacca. Corcuera sends Don Juan Claudio to Macao to hold that place for Spain but the people rise, assassinate Claudio and declare for Portugal. Later, all Spanish residents and missionaries are expelled. About this time a Chinese quarter, "New Parian", is built in Binondo (modern Calle San Fernando) in Manila. It is a great market. The Chinese, however, can not travel the islands, nor go two leagues from the city without a written license, nor remain in the city over night after the gates are closed on penalty of their lives. 1641 The Dutch, by this time, have managed to expel the Spanish missions from Formosa and take exclusive possession of the island. 1644 Fajardo relieves Corcuera as governor; the Franciscans, Augustinians and Recollects procure Corcuera 's imprisonment, confiscating his property.

1645 The pope grants the Dominicans the right to bestow higher degrees: Their college becomes the "Royal and Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas". They also found a College of San Juan de Letran as a prepatory school to the university. 1646 A Dutch squadron attacks Zamboanga then heads for Luzon. Two Spanish galleons are quickly manned, with Domincan friars among the gunners, and drive the Dutch off. 1647 A Dutch squadron of 12 almost takes Cavite then lands Bataan province and for awhile holds the Manila Bay coast near Abucay before being driven off. 1649 The Council of the Indies pardons Corcuera who is appointed governor of the Canaries. 1656 Burdened by the expense of maintaining Zamboanga in the face of chronic Moro and Dutch depredations, the administration of the Moluccas is united with that of Mindanao; the governor of the Moluccas, Don Francisco de Esteybar, is transferred from Ternate to Zamboanga and elevated to Lieutenant-Governor and Captain-General of the southern provinces. 1660 1,000 Pamangos, sullen at their heavy labor cutting shipbuilding timber, rise in revolt; they are joined by Pangasinan, Zambales and Ilokos. The Spanish are hard-pressed to put it down. About this time Koxinga, unable to remain on the mainland, attacks the Dutch on Formosa. 1662 Koxinga compells the Dutch to surrender and Formosa becomes his. This alarms Manila. Koxinga (Spring) sends Italian Dominican Ricci to Manila to demand submission. Governor de Lara sends a "No!" back and prepares for war: The Moluccas, Zamboanga and Cuyo are abandoned in order to more ably face Koxinga 's attack. All Chinese are ordered to leave the islands but many revolt, others go to Formosa. Churches and convents that could be used by Koxinga for shelter are razed. Spanish troops concentrate at Manila and fortifications are rebuilt. Meanwhile, Koxinga has died and the threat evaporates. Padre Sanvitores, a Jesuit, arrives the Philippines; he becomes enthusiastic over Christianizing the Ladrone Islands. 1663 Lara succeeded by de Salcedo. He is corrupt and antagonizes the archbishop. He soon becomes disliked by everyone. About this time the colonial policy of Spain, selfish, short sighted and reactionary, is beginning to make its paralyzing influence felt upon both trade and administration. Trade is being monopolized by the Dutch. The commerce and friendly relations with the Chinese on which so much depended has been ruined by massacre and reprisal. Economic vitality is being sapped by Malay piracy. Spanish policy is leaving the Philippines despoiled and insignificant; a decadent colony and an exploited treasure. 1667 Having found an excuse, the Commissioner of the Inquisition has Salcedo arrested and imprisoned (he dies enroute to Tical in Mexico). 1668 Padre Sanvitores (Diego Luis de Sanvitores) establishes a mission on the Ladrones. 1669 Padre Sanvitores establishes a mission on Guam, they are favorably received. 1670 Angered at the baptism of their children against their parent 's wishes, the Guamanians attack the Spanish who eventually force them to sue for peace: Natives shall attend mass and festivals, have their children baptized and sent to be catechized. The native 's hatred is not abated. 1672 The Guamanians kill Padre Sanvitores. 1680 About this time a governor is sent to the Ladrone Islands which become a Spanish dependency. The native population begins to decline from rule by the sword and the introduction of disease. 1683 The Audiencia has Archbishop Pardo banished to Pangasinan (or Cagayan?) for his violent and seditious conduct. He is then removed to Lingayan. The Dominicans, retaliating, excommunicate the Audiencia, banishing the oidares provincal and sending other friars to Mariveles. 1684 Vargas relieved. His successor is favorable to the ecclesiastical side; the archbishop is returned and he immediately begins a high-handed rule; suspending and excommunicating all about him. The oidares are banished and Vargas is forced to repent. The Church rules. 1686 English freebooter Dampier lands Guam and finds the population much in decline, almost to extinction. 1687 Dampier visits the Batanes without any result. 1689 Vargas is sent a prisoner to Mexico but dies en-route. Death of archbishop Prado, but the strife between church and administration he began continues. Corruption and bitterness abound. Violence - unrebuked - is on the rise. 1696 A party of Carolinian natives is driven ashore by a storm on the eastern coast of Samar; the Jesuit priests baptize them. Finding out their origin, the Jesuits desire to visit the Carolinas; they begin agitating for permission to do so. The 18th Century: Spanish defenses have become wholly inadequate and unprepared. Commerce is almost paralyzed due to economic policies dictated by the Cadiz merchants. Provincial government is almost wholly in missionary hands. Insurrections occur in Bohol. The Jesuits are active in seeking new fields for conversion; by contrast the other orders seem inactive. 1712 Bowing to Jesuit insistence, the king orders the reoccupation of Zamboanga. 1716 A voyager to Guam remarks on its sparse population. 1717 Bustamante, an old soldier, becomes governor. Finding the treasury robbed and exhausted with the whole population of Manila in debt to the public funds, he begins a severe reorganization.

1718 Bustamante refounds Zamboanga, in the face of yearly attacks on the Bisayas by pirates from Borneo and Mindanao. Under engineer Don Juan Sicarra, the fort is rebuilt even stronger than before. Bustamante responds to a Recollect petition and establishes a presidio at Labo Meanwhile, an embassy is sent to Siam to revive commerce with that country; the Siamese sign a treaty of peace and friendship and ground is ceded to the Spanish for a factory there. Meanwhile, with merchants of Cadiz and Seville complaining their profits are being injured by the limited importation of Chinese silks into Mexico, they manage to have the importation of any Chinese silk into Mexico banned: Only linens, spices and supplies of those things not produced in Spain can be imported into Mexico. 1719 Bustamante, at odds with all, is forced to carry out his reforms single-handedly; he is opposed by the clergy. He orders the arrest of the archbishop and a rebellion kills him (11 Oct). The archbishop proclaims himself governor and president of the Audiencia. he undoes Bustamante 's reforms. 1720 The new government, being unable to carry out Bustamante 's island policy, decrees the abandonment of the fort at Labo. Meanwhile, the trade ban of 1718 is reaffirmed with the provision that the people of Mexico have six months to use up the Chinese silks in their possession; thereafter all others will be destroyed. 1721 A voyager to Guam remarks on the scarcity of population there. Campo arrives, with orders from the king to investigate the murder of Bustamante and punish those guilty: He is unable to do this since the culprits hold such high and influential positions. Meanwhile, a treaty is concluded with the Sultan of Jolo (the poorly administered presidio at Zamboanga is not preventing Moro piracy) providing trade between Manila and Jolo, return or ransom of captives and restitution to Spain of the island of Basilan. 1724 Word comes from Spain that the king has reiterated the restitution of Bustamante 's assassin, but nothing is done. 1730 Moros from Tawi Tawi attack Palawan and the Calamianes. About this time royal permission is granted the Jesuits to colonize the Carolines. 1731 A Moro expedition from the south spends the whole year cruising and destroying among the Bisayas. A Jesuit mission sails to the Ladrones then the Carolines where a mission is set up on an island not far from Yap, headed by Padre Cantava. The ships head back for reinforcements and supplies. 1733 Delayed for more than a year, the ships of the Caroline expedition return there to find that Padre Cantava and his missionaries have all been killed. 1734 The Council of the Indies, recognizing that the Iberian merchant 's ban on Chinese-Mexican trade has ruined the Philippine economy and fostered a tremendous smuggling traffic, issues a cedula restoring the trade and raising the ceiling of its value; the galleon traffic is resumed (to 1815). 1742 Anson visits Guam and reports the population there to have risen some, with even a few on Rota. 1747 Jesuits establish a mission on Jolo. Unable to win over the Moro panditas and datos, they do however convert the sultan, Alim ud Din. 1748 Bantilan, Alim ud Din 's brother, usurps the throne of Jolo and proclaims himself sultan. Alim ud Din, with his family and escort, goes to Zamboanga seeking aid against his brother. He is sent to Manila. 1749 (3 Jan) Alim ud Din arrives Manila. Later, he is received with much pageantry and is supported by the governorgeneral (a priest) for a public conversion. This is opposed by the archbishop who doubts Alim 's sincerity. 1750 A revolt on Bohol island establishes the independence of a large part of the island under Dagohoy, in protest over the severe administration of the priest there. (29 April) Baptism of Alim ud Din at Paniqul; he is received with much pomp and ceremony back at Manila. Meanwhile, Bantilan has driven the Spanish from Jolo and Moro fleets are again ravaging the Bisayas. (July) Arrival of governor Obando who is determined to restore Alim ud Din The expedition reaches Zamboanga where Alim 's true colors come out and he is arrested. 1754 The Moros ravage the Bisayas, the Camarines, the Batangas and Albay, killing priests, razing towns and taking many captives. Obando is succeeded by Arandia; he reforms the military, establishing a "Regiment of the King" of Mexican soldiers, a Filipino artillery corps and a contingent of regular troops. He reforms the Cavite arsenal. The Moro pirates begin feeling heavy retaliation. Against opposition from all sides, he brings some efficiency and honesty into government. He expels the Chinese from the provinces, only those Christianized are allowed to remain under license. Those with shops in Manila relocate to the Alcayceria of San Fernando. Eruption of Mt Taal; the towns of Taal, Lipa and Tanawan are destroyed. 1759 (May) Death of Arandia. The government is assumed by the bishop of Cebu who is relieved by Don Manuel Rojo, archbishop of Manila. He revokes Arandia 's reforms. The Jesuits are expelled from Portugal. 1762 War declared between England and Spain. Spain is wholly unfitted for combat. (Spring and Summer) Manila hears of an English expedition coming to destroy Spanish power in the Philippines. (22 Sept) English squadron under Admiral Cornish with 5,000 under General Draper arrive Manila; they are mistaken for Chinese trading junks. Malate occupied. (25 Sept) Bombarded from the churches of Malate, Ermita and Santiago, the British ask Manila to surrender but the archbishop-governor refuses. (3 Oct) 2,000 Filipinos rally but fail. (4 Oct) British artillery breach the walls. (5 Oct) The English enter the city without resistance. Manila is taken. The English agree not to interfere in religious liberty and honors of war granted to Spanish soldiers. The city is pillaged for 40 hours. Meanwhile (4

Oct) Don Simon de Anda y Salazar is nominated Lieutenant-Governor and judge at large and moves the Spanish government to Bulacan. This becomes the center of resistance to the English occupation by the orders except the Jesuits (which places them in a suspect position). Many Chinese aid the English and Anda hangs many. 1763 Treaty of Paris; the Philippines are returned to the Spanish. The English return Alim ud Din to Jolo. 1764 The Jesuits are expelled from France. (March) Arrival of frigate "Santa Rosa" bringing Don Francisco de la Torre as first "Lieutenant of the King for the Islands", bringing orders for English abandonment. But the English continue haunting the Sulu archipelago, seeking a settlement, securing Balambangan by treaty with the Sulu sultan. The island is fortified and a factory established. 1767 (2 April) King Carlos III decrees the expulsion of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) from Spain and all her possessions and confiscation of all its property. This is carried out in the Philippines, though governor Roan manages to siphon off some of their wealth for himself. 1768 Naples, Parma and Malta expel the Jesuits. Ex-governor Anda memorializes the king on Philippine disorders; charges the friars with commercialism, neglect of spiritual duties, oppression of the natives, opposition to teaching the Spanish language, scandalous interference with civil officials and affairs. He advocates rigorous enforcement of existing laws and punishment to curb these excesses. 1770 Anda reappointed governor. He begins to put his reform measures to work, but is without help. 1771 Moros attack Aparri. Anda reorganizes the Armada de Pinta dos. 1773 (July) Pope Clement XIV suppresses and dissolves the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). 1775 Moros attack the English at Balambangan, destroying all; the governor and five others escape. Others flee in a Chinese junk. About this time Anda organizes a Marina Sutil, a fleet of light gunboats for coastal defense against pirates. 1776 (Oct) Death of Anda. 1778 (July) Arrival of governor Don Jose Basco y Vargas. This year begins an expensive all out campaign against the Moro pirates. Bosco issues "Plan General Economico" to establish cotton planting, mulberry tree propagation and silkworms; also cultivation of spices and sugar. Incentives are laid out to establish these industries. 1780 Basco founds "Sociedad Economica des Amigos del Pais" to stimulate agricultural experiments through premiums and awards. 1782 Basco establishes "Estanco de Tabacos", a tobacco monopoly; the tobacco lands of Cagayan and others are begun to be brought under cultivation. 1785 Heather Igorots of Paniqui and Ituy (or Nueva Vizcaya) revolt and are brought under control by a force from Cagayan. Another force is sent about this time to the Batanes Isles which are conquered and brought under Manila 's control. Creation of "The Royal Company of the Philippines", having a monopoly of Spanish-Philippine commerce except the Philippine-Mexico route. All the laws preventing importation of oriental wares into Spain are repealed. Philippine products are exempted from all customs duties entering Spain or leaving Manila. Company vessels can now visit China. Manila merchants are no longer prohibited from trading with India or China. The Philippines, however, are still closed to foreign trade but even so, many oppose this liberalization, especially those in the Philippine-Mexican monopoly. 1789 The port of Manila is opened and made free to all foreign nations ' ships for three years, for the importation and sale of Asian wares only. 1790 The Spanish frigates Descubierta and Atrevida under captain Malaspina visit the Philippines on an expedition making a hydrographic and astronomic survey of Spanish America, the Ladrones and the Philippines. 1793 After spending 1.5 million pesos, the Moro pirates are still unsubdued, in fact, are stronger than ever. Pirates swarm about Mindanao, Burias, Masbate and frequent the esteros of Manila Bay. 1795 A strong Spanish fleet under admiral Alava concentrates in the Philippines as a defense against possible English designs on the islands. 1796 Admiral Alava concentrates his fleet in the Philippines again, still fearing English designs. 1797 (March) News of a declaration of war between Great Britain and Spain reaches Manila; a permanent naval squadron is established (HQ at Cavite) though Britain makes no attempts of the Philippines, though there are threats. 1798 A fleet of 25 Moro bankas passes up Luzon 's Pacific coast and attacks the towns of Baler, Casiguran and Palanan. The fleet rednezvous at Burias (to 1802). 1803 English forces reoccupy Balambangan. 1805 The Royal Company of the Philippines is rechartered. 1806 The English abandon Balambangan. 1809 An English commercial house is established in Manila. 1810 Beginning of South America 's revolutions against Spanish rule. The Spanish Cortes declares the kingdoms and provinces of America and Asia are and always have been part of the Spanish monarchy; their native and free inhabitants are equal in rights and privileges to those of the Peninsula (i.e.; Spain). This declaration is enthusiastically greeted in the Philippines. 1811 The last galleons on the Philippine-Mexican run leave Manila.

1813 The Cortes decrees the suppression of the Philippine-Mexico galleon run: The Mexican trade has been declining and the voyages have become less profitable. 1814 Restoration of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) Eruption of Mt Mayon destroys the rich hemp towns about its base. (May) Ferdinand VII issues a decree abolishing the constitutional government in Spain; all acts of the Cortes are abolished; the Philippines are angered, seeing the return of colonialism as a return to slavery. 1,200 on Ilokos band together and rampage against their petty tyrants: A revolt against a crippling social order maintained by Spanish rule. General permission is given to foreigners to establish trading houses in Manila. 1815 The Mexican galleon returns to Manila; the last of that run. 1822 The first Philippine newspaper, the "El Philantropo", is founded. 1823 The government begins filling official positions in the regiments with Spaniards from Spain, displacing holders born in the Philippines and America. The displaced officials lead a revolt, gaining the king 's Cuartel of the Royal Palace and Cabildo but cannot take Santiago fortress Soon peters out. Pidigan begins a mission under an Augustinian friar into the Abra river area, the area of the Tingian tribe. 1825 By this time Spain 's American colonies have gained their freedom. Only Cuba and Puerto Rico remain. The Philippines now must communicate directly with Spain. 1827 All else failing, it is decided to forcefully reduce the rebellion on Bohol (since 1744). 1828 The expedition sets out form Cebu and (April) the Bohol rebels are defeated and resettled in Christian towns 1829 An expedition under Don Guillermo Galvey enters the plateau of Benguet, the land of the Igorots, seen now by the Spanish for the first time. 1830 The privileges of the Royal Company of the Indies lapses; Manila is opened to foreign ships of all nations 1835 The shipping monopoly between the Philippines and Spain of its Royal Philippine Company ends. 1837 Manila is opened to foreign trade. The Philippine economy begins to grow, agriculture and exports begin a rapid and profitable rise. 1839 England officer James Brooke arms a yacht and sails for Borneo to destroy Malay piracy and found an independent state. 1840 Apolinario de la Cruz founds the Cofradia de San Jose to form a cult in honor of St Joseph and the Virgin. He is opposed by the friars who do not wish to allow any Filipino a position of leadership. Apolinario takes independent action, his followers are many in Laguna, Tayabas and Batangas. (Oct) The governor of Tayabas (Don Joaquim Ortega) attacks but is killed. Now a rebel, Apolinario fortifies near Aglitao, his religious movement becomes independent and heretical: Apolinario becomes King of the Tagalogs. (Nov) A force under Alcalde Vital and general Huet attacks and defeats the rebels. Apolinario is captured and executed. 1841 After several bloody battles, James Brooke forces the Sultan on Borneo to cede Sarawak to him; Brooke becomes an independent Raja. He continues battling the Moro pirates. 1843 Founding of the newspaper "Semanario Filipino". 1844 Arrival of General Claveria, an able and liberal governor. He begins reorganizing the provincial governments. A French fleet enters the Philippines and concludes a treaty with sultan of Sulu for cession of Basilan island for 1,000,000 in order to establish a French naval base. Aroused, Spain occupies the island and the coastal towns are subdued; the sultan of Magindanao is forced to cede the Gulf of Davao. Meanwhile, Claveria begins a policy of conquering the headhunting Igorot tribes of northern Luzon. It is a slow process. 1845 Founding of the newspaper "El Amigo de Pais". 1846 Formation of the Comandancia of Benguet. The province of Abra is formed. Founding of the newspaper "La Estrella". 1847 Claveria nominates Don Mariano Ozcariiz governor of Nueva Vizcaya; he undertakes severe and telling conquering measures against the Igorots, greatly suppressing their head-hunting forays and opening Luzon 's northern valleys to development. Don Jose Oyanguran proposes to conquer the Gulf of Davao at his own expense if furnished with artillery and munitions and granted a 10 year government of Davao with privileges of trade: Claveria accepts, a company is organized and Oyanguran sets out. Under Brooke 's pressure (he is now aided by English man-o-war "Dido") the Sultan of Brunei cedes Labuan to Great Britain. Founding of the Philippine 's first daily newspaper, the "La Esperanza" (Oct) Claveria issues a decree reorganizing the municipalities: Elimination of the Alcaldes much abused monopoly privileges of trade - reducing their control of native labor. He fails, however, to rectify their opportunities of siphoning off tax monies. 1848 Founding of the newspaper "Diario de Manila". The Philippines obtain their first steam war vessels; now the Moro pirates will be unable to escape by rowing to windward the "Magellanes", "Elcano" and "Reina de Castilla". With an infantry force and Zamboanga volunteers, government forces enter (Feb) the Samal group. Four Moro fortresses are destroyed. The Moro habitations are razed and many are captured. Destruction of the Samal pirates frees the Philippines from the raids of the corsairs. 1849 This year there is hardly any Moro pirate activity. James Brooke visits Zamboanga in English man-o-war "Moeander"

and concludes a treaty with the sultan of Sulu; this alarms the Spanish. By this time Don Jose Oyanguran has subdued the coasts of the Gulf of Davao expelling its pirates and founded Nueva Vergara. Undermined by jealousy in Madrid, governor Urbiztondo cancels Oyanguran 's privileges: He is relieved by a government officer. His plans languish. 1850 A Moro pirate squadron from Tonkil attacks Samar and Kamagin. Governor Urbiztondo carries out his predecessor 's policy and destroys the settlements and strongholds on Tonkil. By this time there are 34 provinces and two politicomilitary commandencias in the Philippines. Spanish administration of the provinces is still vested solely with the alcalde mayor (governor, executive officer and highest judge of the province). 1851 War breaks out with Jolo. After fruitless negotiations and hostilities, the Spanish (Feb) storm the town and destroy the Moro forts. (May-June?) the governor of Zamboanga concludes a treaty with the sultan of Sulu; the archipelago becomes part of Spanish possession; the sultan will make no other treaties with or cessions to, foreign powers; will suppress piracy and fly the Spanish flag. Moros guaranteed to practice their religion. They must suppress their sultan and his descendants; Jolo boats enjoy same trading privileges in Spanish ports as other Philippine vessels the sultan retains rights to all customs duties on foreign trading vessels; the sultan is pensioned off at 1,500 pesos a year; the three datos at 600 pesos; each Sheriff at 360 pesos. Combined with the activities of James Brooke, Moro piracy is effectually dead. 1855 The ports of Sual in Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga are opened to foreign commerce. 1858 Founding of the newspaper "El Comercio". By this time nearly ⅔ of the Philippines hemp production is exported to the USA for their Atlantic shipbuilding industry. About half of the sugar production goes to Great Britain. 1859 The Jesuits return to the Philippines. They are limited to conducting missions in the unoccupied fields of Mindanao and to providing higher education for Filipinos. 1860 A royal decree establishes a politico-military government over Mindanao. About this time the government of the Philippines begins concerning itself with the construction of public buildings and ( ?) 1861 The Philippines first Masonic lodge is established; it is entirely Spanish but is soon followed by Filipino lodges. 1863 Cebu is made an open port. Concha, Spanish minister of war and colonies, decrees a system of public primary education; a school is established within each pueblo throughout the Philippines. To supply teachers, a Manily Normal School is decreed, to be staffed by Jesuits. 1865 (Jan) Inauguration of the Manila Normal School. Also about this time the government decrees the foundation of the Jesuit "Ateneo Municipal" for instruction in the classics and sciences to conduct the student toward a BA degree. Also a Jesuit observatory is established in charge of Padre Faura. 1868 Queen Isabella II is deposed and a liberal government assumes her rule in Spain. A liberal governor, General de la Torre, is sent to the Philippines. 1869 Opening of the Suez Canal brings the Philippines closer to Spain; the Philippines become subject to more subtle political winds and whims of Spain and the world is opened up to the greater numbers of Filipinos. By royal decree the vexatious customs regulations of Iloilo and Zamboanga are greatly liberalized and improved. The Philippine Islands begin to grow in world-wide commercial importance. De la Torre arrives. At once he dispenses with the pompous regalia of his office. He considers the Filipino colonist equal in every way to the Spaniard. He is opposed by the friars but supported by growing numbers of Filipinos who begin opposing the friars: A Filipino party begins to grow from this. 1871 Governor Izquierdo succeeds de la Torre and represents the restored Spanish monarchy. He begins to work to undo de la Torre 's liberal approach to the administration but the Filipinos will have none of it. Those advocating reforms are either expelled or punished. 1872 200 native soldiers of Cavite stage a revolt (the Cavite Revolt) vowing death to Spain; it is quickly suppressed. Now many Filipinos are arrested as advocates of reform, including fathers Burgos, Zamora and Gomez, also Don Antonio Regidor, Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Don Pedro Carillo and others. (27 Jan) 41 participants of the Cavite riot are shot. (6 Feb) A council of war condemns to death 11 more soldiers; they are committed to life imprisonment. (15 Feb) The three fathers and one Saldua are condemned to hang; it is carried out (17 Feb). 1876 Spanish forces capture Jolo (town). 1878 The Sulu archipelago is added to Jolo 's jurisdiction: By the treaty, the Sultanate of Jolo becomes a protectorate rather than a dependent state. Spain 's authority over the archipelago is questioned by Germany and England. 1880 The Augustinians are granted an estate in the Cagayan valley. The Filipinos are against clerical ownership of this property. 1882 The Spanish government places garrisons in the Sulu archipelago at Bongao, Siasi and Tawitawi. 1885 (25 April) A royal decree grants a railroad concession from Manila to Dagupan. 1886 A band of the Pulahan assaults Borongan on the Samar coast and are punished by the Guardia Civil there. Nevertheless, under their leader Otoy, the Pulahan continue being outlaws. The duties of the alcalde mayors are reduced in scope.

1887 War is waged against Datu Utu in the Rio Pulangi valley. Construction begins on the Manila - Dagupan Railroad. North Borneo is ceded to an English company, bringing all the northern and eastern parts of the island under English domination. 1888 Weyler begins invasion of the Lanao region to pacify it. The Spanish become established at Marawi but are unable to subjugate the lake basin. A number of younger Filipino patriots and students one of whom is Dr Jose Rizal y Mercado, forms the "Asociadion Hispano-Filipino" with the objective of Philippine reform. 1888-9 Great cholera epidemic sweeps the Philippines. 1891 Several sections of the Manila-Dagupan Railroad are opened to traffic. Rates and service are regulated by the terms of the decree of 1885. 1892 Dr Rizal, who has published "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo" setting forth his ideas for reform (that forced him to leave Manila, having made many enemies) returns to Manila and founds "La Liga Filipina". He is arrested and deported to Dapitan, Mindanao. But his ideas are filtering down among the lower classes. A secret society, the "Katipunan", is formed by the lower classes in Manila; president is Andres Bonifacio whose object is to expel the friars and destroy the Spanish government. 1894 The Recollects are granted an estate, the San Jose, of Mindanao. The Filipinos are against this clerical ownership of property. The whole Manila-Dagupan Railroad is now open. 1896 Dr Rizal asks permission to go to Cuba to work in the Spanish hospitals there. (July) His request is approved and (August) he arrives in Manila. Meanwhile, a general attack and slaughter of Spaniards is planned for the end of the year. Padre Gil of Binondo discovers the plot and arrests begin. Meanwhile, the Katipunan is organized: (26 Aug) Attacks Caloocan. With the revolt flaring, governor Blanco readies Dr Rizal 's journey and sends him off. But Dr Rizal 's enemies trail him to Spain, he is arrested and sent back to Manila. (30 Aug) Battle at San Juan del Monte; the rebels suffer much but the rising continues; Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija provinces are in full rebellion. Cavite is soon cleared of Spaniards and Emilio Aquinaldo is in charge. Governor-General Blanco is replaced by General Polavieja and eventually after amassing 28,000 and 52 days hard fighting, suppresses the revolt. (30 Dec) Dr Rizal is killed: The insurrection flares up anew in Pangasinan, Zambales and Ilokos. Last year the government is able to collect rentals from the tenants of clerical occupied lands, further antagonizing Filipino feeling against clerical ownership of properties. 1897 General Primo de Rivera succeeds General Polavieja. (Spring) Though the Spanish troops have had several defeats and insurgents swarm about, de Rivera chooses to use diplomacy instead of force. (July) De Rivera issues an amnesty proclamation. (April) War is declared between Spain and the USA. (1 May) US fleet reaches Manila harbor and soon Spanish rule of the Philippines comes to an end. (Aug) The governor-general opens negotiations with Aquinaldo, now HQ 'd in Angat Mountains in Bulacan. Later an agreement is reached; the insurgents are paid 600,000 pesos; surrender their arms; dismiss their forces and the leaders retire from the islands. This is accepted and (27 Dec) they sail for Hongkong. 1898 (15 Feb) Blowup of the battleship "Maine" in Havana harbor, Cuba. (20 April) US Congress "declares" war on Spain; the US fleet under admiral Dewey (at Hongkong) is ordered to destroy the Spanish fleet. Dewey sails and (1 May) attacks the Spanish fleet at Cavite which is destroyed in a few hours. Now the smoldering insurrection breaks out anew; Manila is besieged (May-June), friars are captured in large numbers and a few killed. With permission of the Americans, Aguinaldo returns from Singapore to Cavite. He resumes leadership of the insurrection. The provisional government formed after the destruction of the Spanish fleet proclaims the independence of the Philippines. But the USA says ok, but in time, arguing that the Philippine administration isn 't ready to go it alone yet. Meanwhile, troops leave San Francisco and (July) lay in transports off Cavite. (Aug) The US forces land at Paranaque and advance northward. One Spanish attempt is made to repulse them but it is dispirited. (13 Aug) Manile capitulates: The US bars Filipinos from sharing its occupation. Now negotiations begin between Spain and the USA. (Sept) The Filipino government is transferred to Malolos; Antonio Luna becomes general-in-chief of the military forces (he is also editor of the radical "La Independencia" newspaper). (Nov) It becomes known that the USA is agreed to pay Spain $20,000,000 gold for the Spanish cession of the Philippines (payment for public improvements Spain has made). The Filipinos are now suspicious of trading one oppression for another. 1899 (4 Jan) President McKinley issues a message to General Otis (Commande US Forces Philippines) that American sovereignty must be recognized without conditions. This only drives the independence organization to strengthen its position A new government is framed at Malolos Bulacan, by a congress representative of most of Luzon 's provinces. (23 Jan) Proclamation of a "Malolos Constitution" and Don Emilio Aguinaldo is elected president. (4 Feb) Philippine forces attack the US at Manila and president Aguinaldo declares war against the USA. (5 Feb) The Philippine line of attack is shattered. (25 March) US forces march on Malolos (31 March) The Filipinos are driven from their capital and pursued to Kalumpit. (May) Spanish evacuate and are replaced by US forces in Zamboanga, Jolo and Cotabato. The US is immediately involved with controlling the insurrection and they try to avoid trouble

with the Moros. General J C Bates negotiates a treaty with them similar to that of 1878 A commission, the Schurman Commission (headed by President Schurman of Cornell), arrives the Philippines to assess the Philippine 's political capabilities. (Summer) US forces don 't press the campaign although Iloilo and the Bisayas are occupied. The presidios in Mindanao are surrendered by the Spanish. Meanwhile, the war is meeting tremendous opposition in the USA. (Oct) Resumption of fighting in northern Luzon. Filipinos HQ 'd at Tarlak, occupy the provinces of Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija, but general Luna has been killed for aspiring to a dictatorship. Generals MacArthur, Lawton and Wheaton advance. (11 Nov) Filipino generals hold a council of war at Bayambang and resolve on dispersal. (15 Nov) Aguinaldo and some ministers escape general Wheaton 's blockade at San Fabian and head up the Ilokano coast, pursued by Lawton 's cavalry: To Kandon, then Lepanto and Bontok, then central Cordillera then Tila Pass. Aguinaldo 's retreat is covered by the boy brigadier-general Gregorio del Pilar who is killed in battle. Then to Bontok, then Kiangan territory. (18 Dec) A force under general Lawton attacks San Mateo but the general is killed. 1900 (Jan) The US loses Aguinaldo 's trail; he reaches Palanan where he remains. Meanwhile, US troops are occupying large areas of the Philippines, but the insurgents are organizing and building strength. (April) President McKinley appoints the first Philippine Commission to win Filipinos to recognition of American rule and reorganize their public institutions. (June) The Commission reaches Manila. (1 Sept) It begins work. (Nov) By this time Filipino leaders are becoming convinced of the US 's good intentions and begin advocating surrender of insurgent forces. (Dec) Founding of "El Partido Federal", the Federalist Party, to secure recognition of US authority and conclusion of peace. Publication of the Schurman Commission 's findings; it proposes a legislature of two chambers like an American territorial legislature. Many Filipino prisoners from the insurrection are taken to Guam. (23 Dec) The Partido Federal adopts its platform of building the state under US auspices. In the US election, Democrats make imperialism an issue, advocating the US let the Philippines go. 1900-01 With McKinley 's reelection, the US war effort becomes more vigorous. Many Filipinos and their leaders are captured and imprisoned, including Mabini. Insurgent leaders are rooted out and forced to flee. Soon, the fighting strength of the revolutionists is broken. 1901 The value of silver begins to fall worldwide; the Mexican peso, used in the Philippines, begins to decline in value along side the $US. (21 Jan) The commission enacts an organic school law establishing a Bureau of Education; makes education free and secular and adopts the English language as basis of curriculum. (March) General Funston captures Aguinaldo at Palanan. (Spring) With the surrender and parole of most of the revolution zone commanders and capture of Aguinaldo, active revolution comes to a halt, but guerilla warfare continues. The commission tours the islands making recommendations about local governments. (Spring-Summer) The obvious liberal intent of the Commission and the activities of the US Army brings an end to the Philippine insurrection; the "zone commanders" have been captured or have been forced to surrender. (4 July) Taft succeeds as first civil governor of the Philippines; the executive powers of the military commander is organized as a civil administration. (Aug) Act 190; the Code of Civil Procedure is adopted. (1 Sept) The Philippine Commission is increased by the addition of three Filipino members; TH Pardo de Tavera, MD; Benito Legarda and Jose Luzuriaga of Negros This month the Commission drafts a Civil Service law. (Oct) By this time 756 US teachers are at work in almost all parts of the islands. (Nov) Passage of a Sedition Act, due largely to the spread of incendiary literature. Late this year the Commission creates a Bureau of Non-Christian tribes to examine their habitation areas and recommend legislation for their government. 1902 The number of US teachers throughout the Philippines is increased to 926. (Feb) General Lukban suppresses guerilla warfare in Samar. (March) Cholera epidemic sweeps the Philippines. (6 March) Enactment of Act 372; secondary English speaking schools are authorized in the Philippines. Also by this time a normal school and trade school have been opened in Manila. (Spring) Mr. Taft, in Washington, urges the purchase of the friar lands and their distribution to tenants through purchase. He also urges the creation of a Filipino assembly. (2 May) To offset the declining value of the Philippine peso, Congress, after recommendation of the Philippine Commission, passes an act authorizing a coinage system for the Philippines, each peso to be worth $0.50. (Summer) By this time the economic crisis has brought a food shortage to many parts of the islands. (June) General Malvar ends guerilla warfare in Batangas. (1 July) Congress OK 's the purchase of clerical lands and returning them to native ownership. Passage of the "Philippine Bill" by which the government of the Philippines rests upon the Congress. A "Bill of Rights" is granted to the Philippine nation. (4 July) Batangas, Samar, Bohol and Cebu are organized under the general provincial government plan. (Aug) By this time the Commission has enacted 449 laws completely organizing the entire government from insular bureaus to provincial and municipal administrations. This was done at the behest of President McKinley 's letter setting forth the Commission 's instructions Local governments are given a corporate form and elected; provincial governments have administrative and legislative authority; taxation systems are devised and limitations placed upon amounts: Government bureaus are created to cover a wide range of services: The Civil Service law is similar to that of the US. The Judicial system has been overhauled, providing a more equitable and unbiased consideration for any who utilize it. (8 Sept) The insurrection is declared officially at an end. Army officer

General JP Sanger begins organizing the taking of a census. (Nov) To combat Ladronism, the Commission adds an act defining brigandage (i.e.; banditry). 1903 Drought through many months of this year, also locusts. Relief isn 't enough and the economic crisis worsens. The number of municipalities in the Philippines is reduced by over 400, this hurts local Filipino civic spirit. The new Philippine peso begins arriving; Mexican money begins to be driven out. An opium suppression law is passed. The first Philippine census is taken this year. By this year the bubonic plague has been eliminated from the islands. (1 Jan) General James F Smith becomes Philippine Commissioner and Secretary of Public Instruction. (Jan-Feb) Those Philippine prisoners taken to Guam (1900 are pardoned and returned: Mabini takes the oath of allegiance but soon dies of cholera. (March) The notorious rebel leader San Miguel who was returned from Guam is defeated and killed at Corralnabato near Manila. Others resume their insurrection and avoid the police in the hills. (1 June) The Commission issues act 781 authorizing the governor-general to place municipal police under constabulary orders and other measures to more efficiently battle the Ladrones. (1 June) An act for the organization and government of the Moro Provinces is passed. A board is created to establish local Moro governments, preserve culture and suppress slavery: The first governor of the provinces is General Leonard Wood, ex-governor of Cuba. (Oct) Isabelo de los Reyes begins publication of the labor and socialist "La Redencion del Obrero", the organ of the La Union Obrera, founded by Reyes and Dominador Gomez, considered an illegal party. About this time Pasqual Poblete, editor of the Manila paper El Grito del Pueblo founds the "Nationalist Party". (Dec) Governor Taft leaves to become Secretary of War in the USA. It is agreed that the friar lands shall be purchased by the Philippine government for $7,237,000. 1904 The Commission engages architect DH Burnham to develop a plan for Manila 's growth. Rebellion of the Pulahan, against exploitation by agents of the hemp-buying companies led by Otoy: The Gandara valley is destroyed and finally US troops are called in. Enactment of an Internal Revenue Law. The provinces are divided into more than 400 public school districts. (12 Jan) Enactment of regulation of the civil service and settling questions of absence and leave. (1 Feb) Luke E Wright Governor-General (Feb) The cholera epidemic is Manila dies out. (Sept) Promulgation of revised civil service rules, systemizing the service and strengthening its merit principle. US elections; Democrats make imperialism an issue, advocating US let the Philippines go. 1905 The office of "supervisor" is abolished and provincial road work entrusted to district engineers of the insular Bureau of Public Works. Felizardo, rebel leader of Luzon is killed by his followers: Soon other leaders are induced to surrender. Publication of the Principles of the Federal Party. Typhoon Cantabria hits with much damage and destruction. Founding of intermediate schools offering three-year courses following the primary course. (24 Jan) Outlaws raid Malabao and increase demands for measures taken against them: The province is placed under martial law. (27 March) Publication of the Philippine census; only Christian provinces are allowed representation in the Assembly. (1 April) A committee is appointed to investigate the government bureaus and recommend changes. (15 Aug) Secretary Taft and party visit Cebu where he is given the Philippine Assembly 's recommendations on governmental and administrative changes that should be made: Also, it is desired to allow Filipinos the freedom to form political parties. (16 Oct) Reorganization Act (act #1407) passed by the Commission; certain branches of the government are consolidated. (4 Nov) Henry Clay Ide becomes acting governor-general. (Dec) Governor Wright goes to Washington. The government adopts the policy of encouraging railroad development by guaranteeing the interest on construction loans. 1906 (12 April) Ide is inaugurated as Governor-General. He authorizes the constabulary to use political agitator Dominador Gomez to aid in bringing the Cabecillas, or Ladrone leaders, to surrender: This year sees the end of Ladronism, but the Treason and Sedition Law that the brigandage spawned, is now an impediment to agitations for independence. Four first class typhoons sweep the islands, doing much damage. General Tasker H Bliss becomes governor of the Moro provinces. Cebu governor Lieutenant Bolton is murdered by a Tagakaolo chieftan. (1 July) Founding of Partido Independista Immediata advocating independence by legal means; its organ is La Independencia. (20 Sept) General James F Smith is inaugurated as Governor-General. (1 Oct) A conference of provincial governors opens in Manila, governor Osmena of Cebu presiding officer. (Oct) Establishment of a "Postal Savings Bank", to encourage savings among those too poor for regular banking. 1907 In all but two provinces, a land tax is reimposed, heretofore very unpopular and thus twice suspended since 1901. (Jan) The Federal Party changes its name to the "Progressive Party (Partido National Progresista)" advocating ultimate nationality. (9 Jan) The Commission enacts a new election law dividing the Christian provinces into 78 assembly districts with two extra for Manila. (March) It is proclaimed that an election for the assembly will be held 30 July. (12 March) Formation of "Partido Union Nacionalista" by those opposing immediate separation from the USA. (30 July) Elections. (Aug) The lower and mid-valley of the Agusan river and interior of Masamis province below the 8th parallel are separated from the Christian provinces of Surigao and Misamis and annexed to the non-Christian province of Agusan. (16 Oct) Inauguration of the newly elected Philippine Assembly. Osmena is chosen "speaker". 1908 The Manila library is transferred from the Bureau of Education and reorganized under the Philippine Library Board. A

Bureau of Labor is added to the Department of Commerce and Police. All of the population is vaccinated for Smallpox. The Legislature creates the University of the Philippines, with colleges of arts, medicine, English, laws, agriculture, veterinary sciences and school of fine arts. (26 March) Congress appropriates $403,030.19 for the Roman Catholic Church to settle its claims for damages to church property during the Spanish War and the insurrection. (May) At a cost of over $4,000,000, Manila harbor improvements near their finish. (12 May) Congress increases the size of the Philippine Commission. (Aug) By Act #1876, the region of Cordillera Central of northern Luzon (inhabited by the Igorot) is consolidated as the Mountain Province, with sub-provinces of Benguet, Amburayan, Lepanto, Bontok, Ifugao, Kalinga and Apayao. US elections; the Philippines do not figure much in this year 's campaign, though the Democrats still advocate freeing the Philippines from US overlordship. 1909 General John J Pershing becomes governor of the Moro province. This year too, Moro outlaw and pirate Jakiri is killed near Jolo. (1 Jan) Local weights and measures standardized. (6 Oct) Passage of Payne Tariff Act, benefiting Philippine industrial conditions. 1910 The Bureau of Agriculture is transferred to the Department of Public Instruction. Pulahan leader Otoy is killed. Representative John A Martin of Colorado charges that friar lands have been illegally and corruptly disposed of: (25 June) An investigation is ordered. (Oct) Conclusion of a visit (since July) by Secretary of War Dickinson; he has heard proposals for administrative and legislative reforms and extension of the assembly 's jurisdiction over the nonChristian areas. (Nov) It is determined there was no foul play in disposing of the friar lands. 1911 (30 Jan) Eruption of Taal volcano destroys several villages and kills at least 1,300. 1912 A seismological station is established on the shore of lake Taal to observe future phenomena and give warning of danger. A disastrous typhoon sweeps Cebu. After severe campaigning, several renegade bands on Jolo island are exterminated. US elections; the Philippines do not figure much in this year 's campaign, though the Democrats still advocate freeing the Philippines from US overlordship: They are enhanced by the election of Woodrow Wilson , Democrat, as president. 1913 With the election of W Wilson, the president and congress are committed to Philippine independence. A Senate committee is set up to draft new laws for an autonomous Philippines. (4 Mar) Inauguration of Wilson; the Philippine Commission resigns. (6 Oct) Francis Burton Harrison arrives as Governor-General. He begins opening more and more Philippine government positions to Filipinos. (15 Dec) Frank W Carpenter becomes governor of Moro Province: Its name is changed to the "Department of Mindanao and Sulu" and to it are added Agusan and Butuan provinces. 1915 (Mar) Governor Carpenter persuades the Sultan of Sulu to resign his hereditary position for himself and his heirs. The Sultan is recognized as head of the Mohammedan religion in the islands, granted lands in Jolo and pensioned off at 12,000 pesos annually. Philippine government functions assume administration of Moro provinces. 1916 The Philippine Commission is terminated by an act of Congress. Passage instead of a "Philippine Act", the Commission is replaced by a legislative body. (4 Feb) Chartering of the Philippine National Bank. Passage of the "Jones Bill" by the US Senate giving the Philippines independence but defeated (2 May) by the Democratic House of Representatives. (Nov) The new Philippine legislature passes a measure reorganizing the executive departments, Public Instruction, Finance, Justice, Interior, Commerce, Communication, Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1917 (10 Mar) Chartering of the National Coal Company. (April) The US declares war on Germany and the Philippine government declares itself fully in support of the US. (25 April) The legislature offers the recently created Filipino National Guard to the US for service in the war. A division is organized for service with the allies. 1918 (20 Nov) The Philippine division is mustered into the Federal Service to eventually join the allied effort 1919 The destroyer "Rizal" is launched in San Francisco; it is manned by Filipinos and commanded by American officers. (4 Mar) Chartering of the National Oil Company (10 Mar) of the National Development Company to develop natural resources. (12 Mar) Chartering of the National Iron Company and the National Cement Company. 1920 World wide business decline hits the Philippines severely. (4 Mar) Harding becomes president; he requests a new investigation to determine the feasibility of Philippine independence. 1921 (4 May) A special mission arrives Philippines to look into conditions pursuant to granting independence. (Sept) The commission finishes up; finds Philippine progress remarkable but the archipelago not quite ready yet 1923 (17 July) The Filipino members of the Council of State resign and begin strong representations against the governorgeneral, the president and the American people, in order to affect independence. (11 Oct) The Secretary of War sends the governor-general a telegram realigning responsibilities in the Philippine government to bring it more in line to prepare for independence.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

History of the Philippines, David P Barrows, World Book Co, Chicago, 1924

Bibliography: History of the Philippines, David P Barrows, World Book Co, Chicago, 1924