Research Paper
EXTRACTION OF XANTHONE IN
GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L. (MANGOSTEEN) FOR TOOTHPASTE
BY :
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY SCIENCE)
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2.1 Introduction
Mangosteen is the common name for Garcinia mangostana L. (GML). The fruit is dark purple or reddish in colour, with white, soft, and juicy edible pulp. The fruit taste is sweet with a slightly acid and also have a pleasant aroma. Nowadays, there were a lot of studies and researches about the extraction of the xanthones in the GML.
Xanthones or xanthen-9H-ones are secondary metabolites found in some higher plant families, fungi and lichens. The xanthone nucleus is known as 9-xanthenone or dibenzo-c-pyrone and it is symmetric. There are five classification groups of xanthones: (a) simple oxygenated xanthones, (b) prenylated xanthones, (c) xanthonolignoids, (d) xanthone glycosides, and (e) miscellaneous xanthones (Sultanbawa, 1980; Jiang et al., 2004). The most studied xanthones are α-, β - and γ-mangostins, garcinone E, 8-deoxygartanin and gartanin, which can be found in the pericarp (Figure 1). Isolation of xanthone has been made mostly from the pericarp of GML other than the whole fruit, bark and the leaves (Table 1). 1.2.2 Significant of studies
Synthetic xanthones have been used in several studies. Xanthone have the potential to be an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral. All of the isolation activities of xanthones from GML have been reported, which are discussed in the present review. But there were no literature review of the extraction of xanthone used in the field of dentistry. Thus, this project is to study to show that some of this compound activity can be used especially for teeth by making toothpaste. Figure 1.1: Xanthone nucleus and the most studied types of xanthone
1.2.3 Objective 1. To determine the potential activities of xanthone as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial for
GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L. (MANGOSTEEN) FOR TOOTHPASTE
BY :
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY SCIENCE)
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2.1 Introduction
Mangosteen is the common name for Garcinia mangostana L. (GML). The fruit is dark purple or reddish in colour, with white, soft, and juicy edible pulp. The fruit taste is sweet with a slightly acid and also have a pleasant aroma. Nowadays, there were a lot of studies and researches about the extraction of the xanthones in the GML.
Xanthones or xanthen-9H-ones are secondary metabolites found in some higher plant families, fungi and lichens. The xanthone nucleus is known as 9-xanthenone or dibenzo-c-pyrone and it is symmetric. There are five classification groups of xanthones: (a) simple oxygenated xanthones, (b) prenylated xanthones, (c) xanthonolignoids, (d) xanthone glycosides, and (e) miscellaneous xanthones (Sultanbawa, 1980; Jiang et al., 2004). The most studied xanthones are α-, β - and γ-mangostins, garcinone E, 8-deoxygartanin and gartanin, which can be found in the pericarp (Figure 1). Isolation of xanthone has been made mostly from the pericarp of GML other than the whole fruit, bark and the leaves (Table 1). 1.2.2 Significant of studies
Synthetic xanthones have been used in several studies. Xanthone have the potential to be an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral. All of the isolation activities of xanthones from GML have been reported, which are discussed in the present review. But there were no literature review of the extraction of xanthone used in the field of dentistry. Thus, this project is to study to show that some of this compound activity can be used especially for teeth by making toothpaste. Figure 1.1: Xanthone nucleus and the most studied types of xanthone
1.2.3 Objective 1. To determine the potential activities of xanthone as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial for
References: | a-Mangostin | Schmid (1855), Yates and Stout (1958) and Stout and Krahn (1968) | b-Mangostin | Dragendorff (1930), Yates and Bhat (1968) and Mahabusarakam et al. (1987) | c-Mangostin | Jefferson et al Mangostanol | Chairungsrilerd (1996a), Suksamrarn et al. (2002, 2003) and Huang et al. (2001) | Mangostenol | Suksamrarn et al 1-Isomangostin | Mahabusarakam et al. (1987) and Jung et al. (2006) | 1-Isomangostin hydrate | Mahabusarakam et al 3-Isomangostin | Huang et al. (2001) and Mahabusarakam et al. (1987) | 3-Isomangostin hydrate | Mahabusarakam et al 1,6-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-isoprenyl-60,60-dimethylpyrano(20,30:3,2)xanthone (compound 7) | Suksamrarn et al. (2003) | Toxyloxanthone A (trapezifolixanthone) | Suksamrarn et al Calabaxanthonea | Mahabusarakam et al. (1987) and Sen et al. (1980a) | Demethylcalabaxanthone | Mahabusarakam et al Caloxanthone A | Iinuma et al. (1996) | Macluraxanthone | Iinuma et al 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone | Iinuma et al. (1996) | Euxanthone | Gopalakrishnan et al Cudraxanthone | Jung et al. (2006) | 8-hydroxycudraxanthone G | Jung et al Esmeatxanthone A | Jung et al. (2006) | BR-xanthone A | Balasubramanian and Rajagopalan (1988) | BR-xanthone B | Balasubramanian and Rajagopalan (1988) | Mangostanin | Suksamrarn et al Mangostenone A | Suksamrarn et al. (2002,2003) | Mangostenone B | Suksamrarn et al Mangostinone | Asai et al. (1995), Suksamrarn et al. (2002, 2003) and Matsumoto et al.(2003) | Gartanin | Govindachari et al 8-Deoxygartanin | Gopalakrishnan et al. (1997), Govindachari et al. (1971) and Huang et al.(2001) | Garcinone A | Sen et al Garcinone B | Sen et al. (1980b, 1982), Huang et al. (2001) and Suksamrarn et al. (2002,2003) | Garcinone C | Sen et al Garcinone D | Sen et al. (1986), Gopalakrishnan et al. (1997) and Huang et al. (2001) | Garcinone E | Dutta et al Garcimangosone A | Huang et al. (2001) | Garcimangosone B | Jung et al Garcimangosone C | Huang et al. (2001) | Garcimangosone D | Huang et al Tovophyllin | A Huang et al. (2001), Ho et al. (2002) and Jung et al. (2006) | Tovophyllin B | Huang et al 1,5-dihydroxy-2-isoprenyl-3-methoxyxanthone | Asai et al. (1995), Iinuma et al. (1996) and Huang et al. (2001) | Mangostingone [7-methoxy-2-(3- isoprenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-oxo-3-buthenyl)-1,3,6- trihydroxyxanthone | Jung et al 5,9-Dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-8-methoxy-7-isoprenyl-2H,6H-pyrano [3,2-b] xanthen-6-one | Sen et al. (1980b), Huang et al. (2001) and Chairungsrilerd (1996a) | 2-(c,c-Dimethylallyl)-1,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone | Mahabusarakam et al 2,8-Bis(c, c-dimethylallyl)-1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone | Mahabusarakam et al. (1987) | 1,3,7-Trihydroxy-2,8-di-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) xanthone | Mahabusarakam et al 1,7-Dihydroxy-2-isoprenyl-3-methoxyxanthone | Asai et al. (1995), Iinuma et al. (1996) and Huang et al. (2001) | 2,7-Diisoprenyl-1,3,8-trihydroxy 4-methylxanthone | Gopalakrishnan and Balaganesan (2000) | 2,8-Diisoprenyl-7-carboxy-1,3 dihydroxyxanthone | Gopalakrishnan and Balaganesan (2000) | 2-Isoprenyl-1,7-dihydroxy-3 methoxyxanthone | Matsumoto et al 1,3,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-(3 methyl-2-buthenyl)-9H-xanthon-9-one | Huang et al. (2001) | * This xanthone was originally isolated from bark of Calophyllum calaba and Calophyllum bracteautum (Somanathan and Sultanbawa, 1972).