Salem Witch Trials Research Paper
The Salem Witch Trials
Claudia Henry Survey of American History I Professor Craig Lowry December 11, 2014
In 1692, what is currently known as Danvers, was actually known as Salem Village. Salem Village was located in Massachusetts. At the time, Massachusetts was not a state, but it was actually an English colony. (Yolen, 2004) Life in Salem Village was most certainly a difficult one. There was no electricity, running water, or any form of motorized transportation. (Martin, 2005) In the year of 1692, the winter was terribly bitter. Several people were getting sick and some were even dying from smallpox. Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and at the time was a fatal infectious disease caused by a …show more content…
virus called the variola virus. (Price, 2009) The village was living in constant fear of not only catching smallpox, but of being attacked by Native Americans as well. (Martin, 2005)
Salem Village was part of the nearby town known as Salem. (Martin, 2005) Most of the people who were located in Salem were mainly rich merchants who traded goods with other merchants in England. Meanwhile, most of the people that were located in Salem Village were just poor farmers. While Salem was known to be wealthy, people in Salem made every single item that they had by themselves. They made everything from their houses to butter. (Stern, 2011)
Most of the people in Salem Village all shared a common belief. Salem Village was a Puritan community. Most of the people in Salem Village were Puritans. (Yolen, 2004) Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. (Puritanism) Puritans had strict rules as well as strong religious beliefs. Puritans had a strong faith in God as well as a strong fear of the devil. (Martin, 2005) Not only adults, but children as well, were expected to work hard and live their lives the way that God wanted them to. Puritans believed that every single thing in their lives from birth until death was preplanned by God. (Yolen, 2004)
Due to the fact that Puritans were incredibly religious, they often looked to their belief for answers if they could not find a logical explanation. (Stern, 2011) Most of the time, the majority of illnesses were blamed on evil. Doctors often recommended religious cures, such as prayer and fasting. (Yolen, 2004) An example of this is the Salem Witch Trials.
In the Parris household in Salem Village, there lived a slave named Tituba. Tituba was originally from Barbados. She often told stories of Barbadian magic to Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, the daughter and niece of Elizabeth Parris and Reverend Samuel Parris. Reverend Samuel Parris was the Salem Village Minister. (Yolen, 2004)
One day in February of the year 1692, Betty Parris and Abigail Williams both became very sick. They both began having unexplainable fits. Their arms and legs jerked about in various directions, they shouted bizarre and unintelligible words, and often hid as if they were frightened for no obvious reason. (Martin, 2005) After several weeks of them behaving like this Dr. Griggs, the local physician, was contacted. (Price, 2009)
Dr. Griggs was called to examine Betty and Abigail and try to figure out what was happening to them. After examining them, he searched his medical books for an explanation. He found no illness that matched Betty and Abigail’s symptoms. After much thought, he finally announced that the two girls had been bewitched. (Yolen, 2004) Putting the blame on evil in the seventeenth century was not uncommon. (Martin, 2005)
Dr. Griggs prescribed as much prayer and fasting as possible to help the young girls. (Martin, 2005) However, not long after he announced that they had been bewitched, many other girls began acting strangely as well. Several friends of Betty and Abigail began acting as oddly as they had. (Stern, 2011) Their names were Ann Putnam Jr. (12), Mercy Lewis (19), Mary Walcott (16), Elizabeth Hubbard (17), and Mary Warren (20). (Yolen, 2004) Abigail, Elizabeth, and Mercy were all orphans. It is believed that Mercy had witnessed her parents being killed in a Native American attack 3 years earlier in Maine. Mary Walcott is believed to have lost her mother when she was only 8 years of age. Ann and Betty were both daughters of landowners. Mary Warren, Elizabeth Hubbard, and Mercy Lewis were all maidservants. (Price, 2009)
Mary Stibley, Mary Walcott’s aunt, had heard of Tituba’s Barbadian magic. Upon hearing this, she thought that it was possible that Tituba could help the girls. Mary Stibley had Tituba bake a “Witch cake”. (Martin, 2005) A “Witch cake” is made out of rye and urine. (Yolen, 2004) They then fed it to the Parris’ dog, who Mary Stibley believed to be a messenger of evil. (Martin, 2005) Reverend Parris heard about this and had Mary Stibley stand in front of everyone in the church and admit to what she had done. He then warned all of the members of the church about “a going to the Devil for help against the Devil”. (Yolen, 2004)
Most religious people of the sixteenth and seventeenth century believed in things such as evil spirits, magic, and witches. (Stern, 2011) At the time witches were believed to make some form of pact with the Devil and in exchange were given evil powers. (Martin, 2005) Witches could be male or female, old or young. (Yolen, 2004) It was believed that each witch had an animal “familiar”, such as a dog, cat, toad, or owl to help them perform evil magic. (Martin, 2005)
As Dr. Griggs had prescribed, everybody prayed and fasted as much as possible. (Yolen, 2004) Several important religious men from other communities came to Salem Village to say prayer over the girls. (Martin, 2005) Nothing was working.
On the rare occasions when the girls were able to be calm, they were asked who had bewitched them. They named Sarah Good, Sarah Osbourn, and Tituba as the witches. (Martin, 2005) Sarah Good was a poor pregnant woman who was known to have an awful temper. She had a young daughter and was always seen smoking a pipe. (Yolen, 2004) When Sarah Good was accused, even her own husband turned against her and stated in court that it was highly possible that she could be a witch. (Martin, 2005) Sarah Osbourn was a sick, elderly woman who was constantly gossiped about due to the fact that she had married a servant, did not attend church, and had once tried to keep her first husbands land for herself when he had meant for his sons to have it. (Yolen, 2004)
The young girls that were believed to be bewitched claimed to see specters doing horrible and torturous things to themselves as well as to others. (Martin, 2005) Specters were floating spirits that no one else could see besides the people who were bewitched. The girls claimed that the specters were constantly picking and pricking them. (Yolen, 2004)
On the first day of the month of March, the three women that were accused of witchcraft were finally questioned in court. It was only then that Tituba confessed to being a witch. She spoke of “sister witches”, a mysterious man dressed in black, and even something as preposterous as flying on a broom stick. Tituba’s confession saved her life because it made her important to the court. They believed that she had special knowledge that could lead them to other witches. (Martin, 2005) However, a common theory is that Tituba only stated that she was a witch so that she could live. If Tituba had not confessed, it is quite likely that she would have been killed. (Price, 2009)
After being questioned, the three women then accused Martha Corey of being a witch. John Proctor spoke against the women’s claims in favor of Martha Corey. Not long after this his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, was then accused. Back then if someone was accused of being a witch, their family was often suspected as well. (Martin, 2005)
Due to the fact that Betty Parris was so young, she was sent to live in the town of Salem with another family while all of this was going on. However, the girls who remained in Salem Village who were known to be bewitched became famous. (Martin, 2005) Ann Putnam Jr. and Mary Walcott were even asked to visit people in other towns who were sick. They were asked to see if their illnesses had some form of relationship with the devil. (Stern, 2011) Some of the girls were invited to multiple places so that they could touch suspected witches to see if they felt any evil spirits surrounding or inside of them. If the girls only claimed that they felt the devil on or around the suspects, those people were accused of witchcraft. (Hill, 1995)
It is quite probable that the girls felt extremely powerful with their newly found popularity. (Yolen, 2005) Who wouldn’t feel important if they were recognized everywhere that they went? People as far away as Boston had heard of the girls. (Stern, 2011) The girls had the power to accuse anybody that they wanted to. Nobody was safe.
Not long after it was announced that the girls had been bewitched, everybody was being accused of witchcraft. The courthouse was soon filled with the accused, and the jailhouse was filled with the convicted. (Foulds, 2010) Even the people who were well thought of in many places were no longer safe. (Martin, 2005)
Sarah Churchill was at first a victim of witchcraft. However, she was later accused of being a witch. (Roach, 2013) When she was accused, she confessed and gave them the names of various other witches. Due to the fact that she had helped the court, she was then freed and got to keep her life. (Yolen, 2004)
Bridget Bishop was the first suspect accused of witchcraft to be tried in court. (Roach, 2013) Numerous people spoke out against Bridget Bishop. She was found guilty and was the first of the accused to be hanged. (Price, 2009) Bridget Bishop was hanged on June 10th. (Martin, 2005)
Rebecca Nurse was one of the women accused of witchcraft in March. (Martin, 2005) Her trial in court finally took place in June. (Yolen, 2004) She was found innocent. However, due to protest from many different individuals, she was retried. (Yolen, 2004) She was then found guilty. (Martin, 2005) She was hanged on July 19th along with Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, and Sarah Wilds. (Price, 2009)
George Burroughs was a former Salem minister. (Yolen, 2004) It was commonly known that he had not gotten along very well with the Putnam family. He was accused of being a witch by Ann Putnam. (Martin, 2005) He was tried and he was found guilty. (Yolen, 2004) Puritans believed that no witch could say the entire Lord’s Prayer without either stuttering or forgetting the worlds. George Burroughs said the entire prayer without stuttering or forgetting the words. However, he was still hanged. When the reaction from the people was different than the usual reaction, Cotton Mather convinced the audience that justice had been done. (Martin, 2005) Along with George Burroughs were four other people who were hanged. (Yolen, 2004)Their names were Martha Carrier, George Jacobs, John Proctor, and John Willard. (Price, 2009)
Rebecca Nurse’s sister, Mary Easty was accused. After she had been convicted, she awaited her trial. While she waited, she wrote a letter to the court asking them to simply open their eyes and see that they were being misled. She asked that no more innocent individuals be harmed for such a preposterous assumption. Her letter was bluntly ignored. Mary Easty and seven others were hanged on September 22nd. The others were named Martha Corey, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmot Redd, Margaret Scott, and Samuel Wardwell. (Price, 2009)
Reverend Increase Mather was one of the first individuals to begin speaking out against the witch trials. (Martin, 2005) Once the girls started to accuse the wealthy and powerful people, most of the people started to doubt them. Some of the people even believed that the girls were faking it. (Yolen, 2004)
Towards the end of the year 1692 Sir William Phips, the new Puritan governor of Massachusetts, came to see what the cause of the witch hysteria overwhelming the Salem Village was.
Other towns had begun to follow Salem’s lead and Sir William Phips’s own wife had been accused of being a witch and participating in witchcraft. (Norton, 2002) This finally gave the governor a reason to figure everything out and investigate.
Sir William Phips declared that no person would be allowed to stand up in court and testify to seeing spirits that nobody else could see. Without “spectral evidence” no one else could be convicted of participating in witchcraft. (Yolen, 2004) The following spring, Sir William Phips ended the Salem Witch Trials for good. (Martin, 2005)
By the end of 1692, the statistics for the Salem Witch Trials were unbelievable. As many as 150 people are believed to have been arrested. There were twenty-eight people who were convicted of witchcraft. Nineteen people were hanged. Four people died in jail and one man was pressed to death under rocks. (Martin, 2005)
The Salem Witch Trials effected hundreds of people’s lives. Fourteen years after the Salem Witch Trials ended, Ann Putnam apologized to the people of Salem. She claimed that the devil had made her see everything as evil. (Yolen, 2004) In 1712, some of the families that were distraught by the Salem Witch Trials received payment as a form of apology. (Martin,
2005)
In 1752, Salem Village became known as Danvers. It no longer wanted to be associated with the Salem Witch Trials. In the year of 1957, Massachusetts formally apologized for the events of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. In 1992, three hundred years after the Salem Witch Trials, the Massachusetts House of Representatives passed a resolution formally acknowledging that the individuals that were accused during the Salem Witch Trials had in fact been innocent of witchcraft. (Yolen, 2004)
Citations:
Martin, Michael, and Brian Bascle. The Salem Witch Trials. Mankato, Minn.: Capstone, 2005. Print.
Roach, Marilynne K. Six Women of Salem: The Untold Story of the Accused and Their Accusers in the Salem Witch Trials. Boston, MA: Da Capo, 2013. Print.
Price, Sean. Salem Witch Trials: Colonial Life. Chicago, IL: Raintree, 2009. Print.
Stern, Steven L. Witchcraft in Salem. New York: Bearport Pub., 2011. Print.
Yolen, Jane, and Heidi E. Y. Stemple. The Salem Witch Trials: An Unsolved Mystery from History. New York: Simon & Schuster for Young Readers, 2004. Print.
Foulds, Diane E. Death in Salem: The Private Lives behind the 1692 Witch Hunt. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2010. Print.
Hill, Frances. A Delusion of Satan: The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trials. New York: Doubleday, 1995. Print.
Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil’s Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. Print.
“Puritanism.” History.com. A&E Television Networks. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/puritanism>.
Claudia Henry Survey of American History I Professor Craig Lowry December 11, 2014
In 1692, what is currently known as Danvers, was actually known as Salem Village. Salem Village was located in Massachusetts. At the time, Massachusetts was not a state, but it was actually an English colony. (Yolen, 2004) Life in Salem Village was most certainly a difficult one. There was no electricity, running water, or any form of motorized transportation. (Martin, 2005) In the year of 1692, the winter was terribly bitter. Several people were getting sick and some were even dying from smallpox. Smallpox is a serious, contagious, and at the time was a fatal infectious disease caused by a …show more content…
virus called the variola virus. (Price, 2009) The village was living in constant fear of not only catching smallpox, but of being attacked by Native Americans as well. (Martin, 2005)
Salem Village was part of the nearby town known as Salem. (Martin, 2005) Most of the people who were located in Salem were mainly rich merchants who traded goods with other merchants in England. Meanwhile, most of the people that were located in Salem Village were just poor farmers. While Salem was known to be wealthy, people in Salem made every single item that they had by themselves. They made everything from their houses to butter. (Stern, 2011)
Most of the people in Salem Village all shared a common belief. Salem Village was a Puritan community. Most of the people in Salem Village were Puritans. (Yolen, 2004) Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. (Puritanism) Puritans had strict rules as well as strong religious beliefs. Puritans had a strong faith in God as well as a strong fear of the devil. (Martin, 2005) Not only adults, but children as well, were expected to work hard and live their lives the way that God wanted them to. Puritans believed that every single thing in their lives from birth until death was preplanned by God. (Yolen, 2004)
Due to the fact that Puritans were incredibly religious, they often looked to their belief for answers if they could not find a logical explanation. (Stern, 2011) Most of the time, the majority of illnesses were blamed on evil. Doctors often recommended religious cures, such as prayer and fasting. (Yolen, 2004) An example of this is the Salem Witch Trials.
In the Parris household in Salem Village, there lived a slave named Tituba. Tituba was originally from Barbados. She often told stories of Barbadian magic to Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, the daughter and niece of Elizabeth Parris and Reverend Samuel Parris. Reverend Samuel Parris was the Salem Village Minister. (Yolen, 2004)
One day in February of the year 1692, Betty Parris and Abigail Williams both became very sick. They both began having unexplainable fits. Their arms and legs jerked about in various directions, they shouted bizarre and unintelligible words, and often hid as if they were frightened for no obvious reason. (Martin, 2005) After several weeks of them behaving like this Dr. Griggs, the local physician, was contacted. (Price, 2009)
Dr. Griggs was called to examine Betty and Abigail and try to figure out what was happening to them. After examining them, he searched his medical books for an explanation. He found no illness that matched Betty and Abigail’s symptoms. After much thought, he finally announced that the two girls had been bewitched. (Yolen, 2004) Putting the blame on evil in the seventeenth century was not uncommon. (Martin, 2005)
Dr. Griggs prescribed as much prayer and fasting as possible to help the young girls. (Martin, 2005) However, not long after he announced that they had been bewitched, many other girls began acting strangely as well. Several friends of Betty and Abigail began acting as oddly as they had. (Stern, 2011) Their names were Ann Putnam Jr. (12), Mercy Lewis (19), Mary Walcott (16), Elizabeth Hubbard (17), and Mary Warren (20). (Yolen, 2004) Abigail, Elizabeth, and Mercy were all orphans. It is believed that Mercy had witnessed her parents being killed in a Native American attack 3 years earlier in Maine. Mary Walcott is believed to have lost her mother when she was only 8 years of age. Ann and Betty were both daughters of landowners. Mary Warren, Elizabeth Hubbard, and Mercy Lewis were all maidservants. (Price, 2009)
Mary Stibley, Mary Walcott’s aunt, had heard of Tituba’s Barbadian magic. Upon hearing this, she thought that it was possible that Tituba could help the girls. Mary Stibley had Tituba bake a “Witch cake”. (Martin, 2005) A “Witch cake” is made out of rye and urine. (Yolen, 2004) They then fed it to the Parris’ dog, who Mary Stibley believed to be a messenger of evil. (Martin, 2005) Reverend Parris heard about this and had Mary Stibley stand in front of everyone in the church and admit to what she had done. He then warned all of the members of the church about “a going to the Devil for help against the Devil”. (Yolen, 2004)
Most religious people of the sixteenth and seventeenth century believed in things such as evil spirits, magic, and witches. (Stern, 2011) At the time witches were believed to make some form of pact with the Devil and in exchange were given evil powers. (Martin, 2005) Witches could be male or female, old or young. (Yolen, 2004) It was believed that each witch had an animal “familiar”, such as a dog, cat, toad, or owl to help them perform evil magic. (Martin, 2005)
As Dr. Griggs had prescribed, everybody prayed and fasted as much as possible. (Yolen, 2004) Several important religious men from other communities came to Salem Village to say prayer over the girls. (Martin, 2005) Nothing was working.
On the rare occasions when the girls were able to be calm, they were asked who had bewitched them. They named Sarah Good, Sarah Osbourn, and Tituba as the witches. (Martin, 2005) Sarah Good was a poor pregnant woman who was known to have an awful temper. She had a young daughter and was always seen smoking a pipe. (Yolen, 2004) When Sarah Good was accused, even her own husband turned against her and stated in court that it was highly possible that she could be a witch. (Martin, 2005) Sarah Osbourn was a sick, elderly woman who was constantly gossiped about due to the fact that she had married a servant, did not attend church, and had once tried to keep her first husbands land for herself when he had meant for his sons to have it. (Yolen, 2004)
The young girls that were believed to be bewitched claimed to see specters doing horrible and torturous things to themselves as well as to others. (Martin, 2005) Specters were floating spirits that no one else could see besides the people who were bewitched. The girls claimed that the specters were constantly picking and pricking them. (Yolen, 2004)
On the first day of the month of March, the three women that were accused of witchcraft were finally questioned in court. It was only then that Tituba confessed to being a witch. She spoke of “sister witches”, a mysterious man dressed in black, and even something as preposterous as flying on a broom stick. Tituba’s confession saved her life because it made her important to the court. They believed that she had special knowledge that could lead them to other witches. (Martin, 2005) However, a common theory is that Tituba only stated that she was a witch so that she could live. If Tituba had not confessed, it is quite likely that she would have been killed. (Price, 2009)
After being questioned, the three women then accused Martha Corey of being a witch. John Proctor spoke against the women’s claims in favor of Martha Corey. Not long after this his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, was then accused. Back then if someone was accused of being a witch, their family was often suspected as well. (Martin, 2005)
Due to the fact that Betty Parris was so young, she was sent to live in the town of Salem with another family while all of this was going on. However, the girls who remained in Salem Village who were known to be bewitched became famous. (Martin, 2005) Ann Putnam Jr. and Mary Walcott were even asked to visit people in other towns who were sick. They were asked to see if their illnesses had some form of relationship with the devil. (Stern, 2011) Some of the girls were invited to multiple places so that they could touch suspected witches to see if they felt any evil spirits surrounding or inside of them. If the girls only claimed that they felt the devil on or around the suspects, those people were accused of witchcraft. (Hill, 1995)
It is quite probable that the girls felt extremely powerful with their newly found popularity. (Yolen, 2005) Who wouldn’t feel important if they were recognized everywhere that they went? People as far away as Boston had heard of the girls. (Stern, 2011) The girls had the power to accuse anybody that they wanted to. Nobody was safe.
Not long after it was announced that the girls had been bewitched, everybody was being accused of witchcraft. The courthouse was soon filled with the accused, and the jailhouse was filled with the convicted. (Foulds, 2010) Even the people who were well thought of in many places were no longer safe. (Martin, 2005)
Sarah Churchill was at first a victim of witchcraft. However, she was later accused of being a witch. (Roach, 2013) When she was accused, she confessed and gave them the names of various other witches. Due to the fact that she had helped the court, she was then freed and got to keep her life. (Yolen, 2004)
Bridget Bishop was the first suspect accused of witchcraft to be tried in court. (Roach, 2013) Numerous people spoke out against Bridget Bishop. She was found guilty and was the first of the accused to be hanged. (Price, 2009) Bridget Bishop was hanged on June 10th. (Martin, 2005)
Rebecca Nurse was one of the women accused of witchcraft in March. (Martin, 2005) Her trial in court finally took place in June. (Yolen, 2004) She was found innocent. However, due to protest from many different individuals, she was retried. (Yolen, 2004) She was then found guilty. (Martin, 2005) She was hanged on July 19th along with Sarah Good, Elizabeth Howe, Susannah Martin, and Sarah Wilds. (Price, 2009)
George Burroughs was a former Salem minister. (Yolen, 2004) It was commonly known that he had not gotten along very well with the Putnam family. He was accused of being a witch by Ann Putnam. (Martin, 2005) He was tried and he was found guilty. (Yolen, 2004) Puritans believed that no witch could say the entire Lord’s Prayer without either stuttering or forgetting the worlds. George Burroughs said the entire prayer without stuttering or forgetting the words. However, he was still hanged. When the reaction from the people was different than the usual reaction, Cotton Mather convinced the audience that justice had been done. (Martin, 2005) Along with George Burroughs were four other people who were hanged. (Yolen, 2004)Their names were Martha Carrier, George Jacobs, John Proctor, and John Willard. (Price, 2009)
Rebecca Nurse’s sister, Mary Easty was accused. After she had been convicted, she awaited her trial. While she waited, she wrote a letter to the court asking them to simply open their eyes and see that they were being misled. She asked that no more innocent individuals be harmed for such a preposterous assumption. Her letter was bluntly ignored. Mary Easty and seven others were hanged on September 22nd. The others were named Martha Corey, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmot Redd, Margaret Scott, and Samuel Wardwell. (Price, 2009)
Reverend Increase Mather was one of the first individuals to begin speaking out against the witch trials. (Martin, 2005) Once the girls started to accuse the wealthy and powerful people, most of the people started to doubt them. Some of the people even believed that the girls were faking it. (Yolen, 2004)
Towards the end of the year 1692 Sir William Phips, the new Puritan governor of Massachusetts, came to see what the cause of the witch hysteria overwhelming the Salem Village was.
Other towns had begun to follow Salem’s lead and Sir William Phips’s own wife had been accused of being a witch and participating in witchcraft. (Norton, 2002) This finally gave the governor a reason to figure everything out and investigate.
Sir William Phips declared that no person would be allowed to stand up in court and testify to seeing spirits that nobody else could see. Without “spectral evidence” no one else could be convicted of participating in witchcraft. (Yolen, 2004) The following spring, Sir William Phips ended the Salem Witch Trials for good. (Martin, 2005)
By the end of 1692, the statistics for the Salem Witch Trials were unbelievable. As many as 150 people are believed to have been arrested. There were twenty-eight people who were convicted of witchcraft. Nineteen people were hanged. Four people died in jail and one man was pressed to death under rocks. (Martin, 2005)
The Salem Witch Trials effected hundreds of people’s lives. Fourteen years after the Salem Witch Trials ended, Ann Putnam apologized to the people of Salem. She claimed that the devil had made her see everything as evil. (Yolen, 2004) In 1712, some of the families that were distraught by the Salem Witch Trials received payment as a form of apology. (Martin,
2005)
In 1752, Salem Village became known as Danvers. It no longer wanted to be associated with the Salem Witch Trials. In the year of 1957, Massachusetts formally apologized for the events of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. In 1992, three hundred years after the Salem Witch Trials, the Massachusetts House of Representatives passed a resolution formally acknowledging that the individuals that were accused during the Salem Witch Trials had in fact been innocent of witchcraft. (Yolen, 2004)
Citations:
Martin, Michael, and Brian Bascle. The Salem Witch Trials. Mankato, Minn.: Capstone, 2005. Print.
Roach, Marilynne K. Six Women of Salem: The Untold Story of the Accused and Their Accusers in the Salem Witch Trials. Boston, MA: Da Capo, 2013. Print.
Price, Sean. Salem Witch Trials: Colonial Life. Chicago, IL: Raintree, 2009. Print.
Stern, Steven L. Witchcraft in Salem. New York: Bearport Pub., 2011. Print.
Yolen, Jane, and Heidi E. Y. Stemple. The Salem Witch Trials: An Unsolved Mystery from History. New York: Simon & Schuster for Young Readers, 2004. Print.
Foulds, Diane E. Death in Salem: The Private Lives behind the 1692 Witch Hunt. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2010. Print.
Hill, Frances. A Delusion of Satan: The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trials. New York: Doubleday, 1995. Print.
Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil’s Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. Print.
“Puritanism.” History.com. A&E Television Networks. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. <http://www.history.com/topics/puritanism>.