science

Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology:
Structure & Function
Dr. Gregory Karapetian
Lecture 1

Specialties of Anatomy

Anatomy describes the structures of the body:
What they are made of
Where they are located
Associated structures

Physiology is the study of:
Functions of anatomical structures
Individual and cooperative functions

Specialties of Anatomy
Macroscopic Structure

Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures

Ancient Science
Hippocrates 460-377 BC
Father of medicine

Surface anatomy:
Exterior features

Aristotle 384-322 BC
Philosopher, Plato’s student, biologist

Galen 131-201 AD
Physician, surgeon, philosopher

Vesalius 1514-1564

Regional anatomy:
Body areas

Anatomist

Albinus 1697-1770
Anatomist

DaVinci 1452-1519
Anatomical artist

Specialties of Anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Groups of organs working together
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Specialties of Anatomy
Microscopic Structure
Examines cells & molecules

Histology
Developmental anatomy
From egg (embryology) to maturity

Clinical anatomy
Medical specialties

Hist - tissue
Tissues and their structures

Cytology
Cyt - cell
Cells and their structures

1

Morphology

Morphology

Outward appearance of an organism (Structure)
This contrasts physiology, which is primarily function

Comparative embryology
Comparing early stages of development among different organisms

Comparative anatomy
Similarities and differences among species
Pharyngeal
pouches

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals

Post-anal tail Phalanges

Chick embryo
Human

Cat

Whale

Bat

Morphology

Human embryo

Specialties of Physiology
Cell physiology

Pathology
Abnormal anatomy – macro and microscopic levels

Processes within and between cells

Special physiology
Functions of specific organs

Systemic physiology
Functions of an organ system

Pathological physiology