Scientific Method and Research

1- The _________ variable is the presumed cause of another variable while the ________ variable is the presumed effect. * a) independent; dependent b) dependent; independent c) independent; extraneous d) independent; mediating 2- A(n) ______________ variable is one that is not under the control of the researcher but that may be influencing the outcome of the experiment. a) independent * b) extraneous c) mediating d) moderating 3-A researcher is interested in the effects of teaching styles on learning. She randomly assigns students to either a lecture-based class taught at 8:00 a.m. or a discussion-based class taught at 2:00 p.m. Her results reveal that students in the discussion-based class performed better than those in the lecture-based class. In this example the time that the class is taught could be considered a(n) _________ variable, making it impossible to establish a causal connection between teaching method and classroom performance. a) independent b) dependent * c) extraneous d) mediating 7) Several recent studies have found that moderate drinkers of alcohol have lowered levels of heart disease risk than non-drinkers. It has been hypothesized that moderate drinking may reduce stress which in turn may lead to a reduction in the risk of heart disease. In this example lowered stress levels would be considered a(n) __________ variable. a) independent b) dependent c) extraneous * d) mediating 8) A(n) ___________ variable specifies how a causal relationship between two variables is different depending on a particular situation or circumstance. For example, if a researcher finds that a