Seabreeze Virtualization Adoption: Case Study
Seabreeze Virtualization Adoption Plan
Executive Summary: This document lays out a plan to virtualize the city of Seabreeze server infrastructure as a method of reducing costs in light of recent budgetary issues. It addresses barriers to adoption such as resources, knowledge, maintenance, and finances. It discusses the virtualization technology and barriers to implementing it as well as how to overcome them. Leadership buy-in will be critical so the paper will discuss ways to encourage them to support the project. Finally, the paper discusses the end user and how virtualization will affect them as well as how to deal with potential resistance to this adoption. The final recommendation of the paper is the virtualization of the city’s server …show more content…
infrastructure and workstations.
Benefits and Barriers
Virtualization has proven it has the ability to dramatically impact both performance and financial bottom line in the enterprise environment. The city of Seabreeze is considering a move to virtualization of its IT infrastructure; 72 servers and several associated direct-attached storage devices. Migrating to a virtual environment will offer the city a number of benefits.
Given the ever greater need to be ‘green’, virtualization will allow the consolidation of these 72 servers into 7. And while we do not know the exact hardware specifications for the city, an example might give some scope. Consider the Dell R710, a mainstream server with large-scale adoption. Assuming 48GB RAM, 2 6-core Xeon processors and 4 15k SAS hard drives, the machine will average 300 watts during peak times. Taking the national average price from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (n.d.) website, 12.97¢ per Kilowatthour taken as a national average, and applying it to the city’s current system the result is: $24,440.40. Taking advantage of virtualization, the number of physical machines is reduced to 7 which will cost approximately $2,376.15 per year in electricity, a 97% reduction in energy use or $22, 064.25 in savings per year.
Another benefit to virtualization is reduced hardware. Less hardware means less equipment failures, reduced need for staff to service those machines, and less need for space to house the hardware. It also means less supporting hardware such as switches, racks, and cables. Want more? A virtual environment allows for the deployment of lab environments where new projects can be implemented on a small scale in a separate space where bugs can be worked out before being pushed into the production environment. That leads to yet another benefit; provisioning. Virtualization allows new servers to be stood up in a fraction of the time it would take for a physical server. This saves hours or even days working through the manual installation process.
Virtualization also allows the transfer of a virtual device from one physical host to another without the need to shut it down. This means no downtime when a physical host needs maintenance or is being upgraded, particularly useful for websites. And even when the hardware does fail unexpectedly, virtualization mitigates this through automatic failover. The system detects that a virtual machine is not running and powers it up on a different host. Finally, virtualization allows legacy applications that are used but do not have a modern replacement to continue to run on a virtual machine running a compatible operating system.
Negative Implications There are, of course, arguments against virtualization. Chief among them is the fact that consolidating servers into fewer physical machines, the impact of a failure is magnified; instead of a single server becoming unavailable there are many. If, for example, all of your print servers are hosted on a single machine and it fails, print services will be unavailable until the issue is resolved. This is easily handled by spreading related systems across multiple hosts. If you have three domain controllers, run them on three different hosts. If one fails, the other two can shoulder the load until the first is returned to service. This can be done automatically in the event of a service being run on a single server. The system detects the failure and powers on the server on a different physical host.
A second issue that may arise is ‘server creep’, a phenomenon where servers are created for every little project and service without regard to business need or performance impact. The result is poor overall performance and a tangled web of interconnectivity that no one can follow. This is a structural issue that can be dealt with through robust protocols for provisioning virtual machines. By forcing a process, server creep can be kept under control. A third issue the city of Seabreeze may face is that some programs require specialized hardware or a dongle to operate and without it, the application will not function. In the past this was an issue but in recent years, virtualization vendors have created ways to give virtual machines access to a piece of hardware on the physical machine such as a USB port or the physical DVD drive on the host. Additionally, the ability to virtualize these components (specifically a dongle) had been developed as will continue as time progresses. As discussed, there are barriers to implementing a virtual environment. But each of these has a well-documented solution and will allow for a smooth transition if followed.
Diffusion Analysis
Virtualization has been around since the early 60s and is a very stable technology, with the majority of issues having been addressed, that has broad appeal in the enterprise markets. According to a study performed by Veeam, “39.4% of all servers within all of the enterprise surveyed were virtual.”(Veeam, 2011) The article goes on to say “91.9% of all enterprises are using virtualization to some degree.” (Veeam, 2011) Tim Laplante, Director of Product Strategy for Vision Solutions said in his March 2014 datacenterpost.com article that adoption will reach 86% by 2016. Vendors have done a very good job of inserting virtualization into both the IT crowd and the end user vocabulary. Vendors have held seminars and visited IT Expos where IT professional could put their hands on the technology. In turn, those IT professional went back to their respective businesses proclaiming the value of virtualization and what it can do. This, in turn, convinced decision makers to begin virtualizing their environments. Virtualization has a solid future which should confirm it as a good choice for the city of Seabreeze.
Potential Barriers
While virtualization has the potential to dramatically affect the city of Sebreeze’s IT environment, there are a number of barriers to implementation. The first barrier is knowledge. Virtualization requires a specialized body of education and experience that isn’t yet in high supply. Unless Seabreeze’s IT department has some enterprising administrators who have taken the time to pick up those skills, it will mean hiring additional staff or an outside contractor. One alternative would be to hire a Value Added Reseller (VAR) to perform the initial set up and provide support for the first year after implementation. This provides the ability to implement sooner as well as give the in-house IT staff time to learn the needed skills.
Finances are another barrier.
Virtualization isn’t a cheap technology. It requires additional licensing and, assuming it is not done in-house, additional staff, and in some cases additional hardware. VMWare licensing, according to the company’s website, can be as much as $3495 per processor (vSphere, n.d.). And since many servers have multiple processors so it is easy to see the costs becoming unmanageable. This is not an insurmountable problem. If a staged approach is taken, the problem can be solved by slices. In the first year where servers are slated to be life-cycled, instead of purchasing one for one replacements Seabreeze would purchase one virtual server and move relevant servers to the host. Each cycle, a new slice of the environment is replaced by a virtual host until every machine to be virtualized is …show more content…
converted.
A third barrier is performance. There are server types, particularly those with high I/O requirements such as databases, who have not traditionally done well when virtualized. With the introduction of network attached and serial attached storage devices as well as the ability to dedicate a network card to a particular virtual device, this not so much an issue.
Support Strategies
Virtualization has not saturated the public consciousness just yet.
Given time, it will become as ubiquitous as ‘Windows’, ‘iPhone’, and ‘JPEG’. The challenge is to convince those who make the decisions to understand that virtualization is a great option to reduce costs and improve efficiency. As stated above, virtualization has the potential to drastically reduce overhead for operating the city’s IT infrastructure. Considering the city is under a spotlight with respect to government spending, saving the city 90% of its IT infrastructure operating costs is a big deal. It also means, potentially, reducing staff as it takes fewer technicians to service 7-10 servers than it does to service 72+. Virtualization also provides the ability to quickly setup lab environments with which to test new initiatives in a safe setting. If the project does not pan out, simply recycle the virtual machines. Once decision makers understand all the benefits that come with virtualization and how the various barriers mention can be dealt with, any reservations should be resolved. One method to achieve this would be holding a ‘Virtualization Introduction’ seminar for the decision makers with some visual aids that will give the city’s leaders a clearer understanding of the benefits as well. The city has not virtualized its infrastructure. But, considering that the need to save money isn’t going away any time soon, it seems prudent to move forward sooner rather than
later.
The local media are another group that needs to be convinced of the value of virtualization as they are currently covering government spending. One option would be to invite reporters from the local news outlets to the ‘Virtualization Introduction’ seminar held for the city leaders. In this way, the reporters can ask questions and learn firsthand the direct benefits of the technology. Pointing them in the direction of municipalities who have already successfully implemented virtualization is also a good option as they can see the post implementation benefits first hand.
Technology Adoption Curve
Using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation model, the city of Seabreeze falls into the Late Majority category of the Innovation Adoption Lifecycle. Virtualization has been around since the 1960s and has been heavily adopted in the enterprise since the 1990s. Late Majority adopters “Respond to economic necessity [,are] [o]ften technologically shy[, and are] [v]ery cost sensitive” (Kaminski, 2014). The city of Seabreeze fits all three. The city is considering virtualization as a cost savings measure due to budget constraints. In addition, while the employees are not opposed to the idea of virtualization there has been no attempt to build a knowledgebase for the adoption of a virtualized environment. Being a municipality (with unexpected budget issues), the city does not have a large pool of capital to invest in IT (Rogers, 1976).
As Late Majority, the city of Seabreeze needs to be educated on the current state of enterprise virtualization. By making them aware that the technology is mature, stable, and well-supported, the decision makers will be more likely to adopt. And because the technology is mature, economies of scale have taken hold and prices have steadily fallen which makes it an attractive option. Add to this the financial returns associated with virtualization and the fact that the market is very competitive and the Late Adopter (in this case, the city of Seabreeze) will feel comfortable purchasing.
Technology Adoption Type
That being said, convincing the decision-makers that virtualization should be adopted is rather straight forward. As stated above, implementing a virtualized environment will save the city substantial monies previously required for IT. By virtualizing, the city of Seabreeze could, potentially free tens of thousands and depending on staffing needs post adoption, hundreds of thousands, of dollars per year for other city services. The resulting IT environment would be more nimble and able to respond to demands faster. This would also be a PR win for Seabreeze considering the local newspaper is running articles on government spending.
Technology Acceptance
It is all well and good to convince the decision makers to adopt virtualization. It is another thing to get the users to actually use it. With respect to Rogers Key Components (Rogers, 1976), Users need to understand the innovation itself; Virtualization. By showing them the relative advantage of virtualization, i.e. portable desktops, faster access to network resources and less downtime after a disaster, users should be excited about the transition. Users will also be pleased to learn that virtualization allows for unparalleled compatibility with their existing resources. Some users may fear virtualization as being too complex and will be reluctant to try it. The great thing about virtualization is that it is nearly transparent to the end user. Their daily experience should not change much at all. Rogers talks about ‘Trialability’, the idea that you can try before you buy. The city can facilitate this with a virtualization vendor, giving the users a lab where they can experience the technology before being immersed in it. Considering nearly 90% of all enterprise environments have adopted some virtualization, it is a very observable technology. Bringing in a representative from another municipality where virtualization has been successfully implemented will make users feel better about joining the ranks.
Communicating the benefits of virtualization to the users should come from as many sources as possible. First, direct communication from the city leaders with some explanation as to why the decision was made will inform users and start the process. Leaders should encourage users to talk to others who are in their position so they can learn the benefits of virtualization. A third, potentially impactful, method is for the city leaders to invite the local media who have run pieces on government spending to do another piece on the virtualization project. Seeing a newspaper article will spark conversation which will educate the users and help make them more comfortable with using the technology.
It is important that the city leaders involve the user’s social systems as part of their plan to influence employees. Setting time aside where managers can hold informal discussions, work teams can sit down with a subject matter expert and ask question, and perhaps even the current IT staff can take time during the day to discuss virtualization as they go about their daily tasks will expose users to details about the technology that will help ease any reservations they may have.
Considering the timing of the project, falling in the late majority, it is important for the users to understand that technology is not static. It is constantly moving forward and if the city waits too long, the costs in both productivity and finances are magnified. If they wait until they are in the laggard category, they will find it much more difficult to ‘catch up’.
The city of Seabreeze is in a good position to adopt a more efficient technology, free needed resources for other services, and receive positive PR from a local news source; a win-win for all involved. There are compelling reasons, stated above, to move forward and while there are hurdles to be overcome, each has a reasonable solution that will enable the city to meet the needs of its inhabitants.
References
Kaminski, J. (2011). Diffusion of innovation theory. Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics, 6(2). Retrieved from http://cjni.net/journal/?p=1444
Rogers, E. M. (1976). New Product Adoption and Diffusion. Journal of Consumer Research, 2(4), 290-301. Retrieved from http://libraries.iub.edu/
U.S. Energy Information Administration . (n.d.). Electric power monthly: Table 5.6.A. average retail price of electricity to ultimate customers by end-use sector, by state, July 2014 and 2013 (cents per kilowatthour). Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_5_6_a
Veeam. (2011). Veeam launches V-index to measure virtualization penetration rate. Retrieved from http://www.veeam.com/news/veeam-launches-v-index-to-measure-virtualization-penetration-rate.html vSphere. (n.d.). VMware Pricing and Licensing. Retrieved from http://www.vmware.com/products/vsphere/pricing
Executive Summary: This document lays out a plan to virtualize the city of Seabreeze server infrastructure as a method of reducing costs in light of recent budgetary issues. It addresses barriers to adoption such as resources, knowledge, maintenance, and finances. It discusses the virtualization technology and barriers to implementing it as well as how to overcome them. Leadership buy-in will be critical so the paper will discuss ways to encourage them to support the project. Finally, the paper discusses the end user and how virtualization will affect them as well as how to deal with potential resistance to this adoption. The final recommendation of the paper is the virtualization of the city’s server …show more content…
infrastructure and workstations.
Benefits and Barriers
Virtualization has proven it has the ability to dramatically impact both performance and financial bottom line in the enterprise environment. The city of Seabreeze is considering a move to virtualization of its IT infrastructure; 72 servers and several associated direct-attached storage devices. Migrating to a virtual environment will offer the city a number of benefits.
Given the ever greater need to be ‘green’, virtualization will allow the consolidation of these 72 servers into 7. And while we do not know the exact hardware specifications for the city, an example might give some scope. Consider the Dell R710, a mainstream server with large-scale adoption. Assuming 48GB RAM, 2 6-core Xeon processors and 4 15k SAS hard drives, the machine will average 300 watts during peak times. Taking the national average price from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (n.d.) website, 12.97¢ per Kilowatthour taken as a national average, and applying it to the city’s current system the result is: $24,440.40. Taking advantage of virtualization, the number of physical machines is reduced to 7 which will cost approximately $2,376.15 per year in electricity, a 97% reduction in energy use or $22, 064.25 in savings per year.
Another benefit to virtualization is reduced hardware. Less hardware means less equipment failures, reduced need for staff to service those machines, and less need for space to house the hardware. It also means less supporting hardware such as switches, racks, and cables. Want more? A virtual environment allows for the deployment of lab environments where new projects can be implemented on a small scale in a separate space where bugs can be worked out before being pushed into the production environment. That leads to yet another benefit; provisioning. Virtualization allows new servers to be stood up in a fraction of the time it would take for a physical server. This saves hours or even days working through the manual installation process.
Virtualization also allows the transfer of a virtual device from one physical host to another without the need to shut it down. This means no downtime when a physical host needs maintenance or is being upgraded, particularly useful for websites. And even when the hardware does fail unexpectedly, virtualization mitigates this through automatic failover. The system detects that a virtual machine is not running and powers it up on a different host. Finally, virtualization allows legacy applications that are used but do not have a modern replacement to continue to run on a virtual machine running a compatible operating system.
Negative Implications There are, of course, arguments against virtualization. Chief among them is the fact that consolidating servers into fewer physical machines, the impact of a failure is magnified; instead of a single server becoming unavailable there are many. If, for example, all of your print servers are hosted on a single machine and it fails, print services will be unavailable until the issue is resolved. This is easily handled by spreading related systems across multiple hosts. If you have three domain controllers, run them on three different hosts. If one fails, the other two can shoulder the load until the first is returned to service. This can be done automatically in the event of a service being run on a single server. The system detects the failure and powers on the server on a different physical host.
A second issue that may arise is ‘server creep’, a phenomenon where servers are created for every little project and service without regard to business need or performance impact. The result is poor overall performance and a tangled web of interconnectivity that no one can follow. This is a structural issue that can be dealt with through robust protocols for provisioning virtual machines. By forcing a process, server creep can be kept under control. A third issue the city of Seabreeze may face is that some programs require specialized hardware or a dongle to operate and without it, the application will not function. In the past this was an issue but in recent years, virtualization vendors have created ways to give virtual machines access to a piece of hardware on the physical machine such as a USB port or the physical DVD drive on the host. Additionally, the ability to virtualize these components (specifically a dongle) had been developed as will continue as time progresses. As discussed, there are barriers to implementing a virtual environment. But each of these has a well-documented solution and will allow for a smooth transition if followed.
Diffusion Analysis
Virtualization has been around since the early 60s and is a very stable technology, with the majority of issues having been addressed, that has broad appeal in the enterprise markets. According to a study performed by Veeam, “39.4% of all servers within all of the enterprise surveyed were virtual.”(Veeam, 2011) The article goes on to say “91.9% of all enterprises are using virtualization to some degree.” (Veeam, 2011) Tim Laplante, Director of Product Strategy for Vision Solutions said in his March 2014 datacenterpost.com article that adoption will reach 86% by 2016. Vendors have done a very good job of inserting virtualization into both the IT crowd and the end user vocabulary. Vendors have held seminars and visited IT Expos where IT professional could put their hands on the technology. In turn, those IT professional went back to their respective businesses proclaiming the value of virtualization and what it can do. This, in turn, convinced decision makers to begin virtualizing their environments. Virtualization has a solid future which should confirm it as a good choice for the city of Seabreeze.
Potential Barriers
While virtualization has the potential to dramatically affect the city of Sebreeze’s IT environment, there are a number of barriers to implementation. The first barrier is knowledge. Virtualization requires a specialized body of education and experience that isn’t yet in high supply. Unless Seabreeze’s IT department has some enterprising administrators who have taken the time to pick up those skills, it will mean hiring additional staff or an outside contractor. One alternative would be to hire a Value Added Reseller (VAR) to perform the initial set up and provide support for the first year after implementation. This provides the ability to implement sooner as well as give the in-house IT staff time to learn the needed skills.
Finances are another barrier.
Virtualization isn’t a cheap technology. It requires additional licensing and, assuming it is not done in-house, additional staff, and in some cases additional hardware. VMWare licensing, according to the company’s website, can be as much as $3495 per processor (vSphere, n.d.). And since many servers have multiple processors so it is easy to see the costs becoming unmanageable. This is not an insurmountable problem. If a staged approach is taken, the problem can be solved by slices. In the first year where servers are slated to be life-cycled, instead of purchasing one for one replacements Seabreeze would purchase one virtual server and move relevant servers to the host. Each cycle, a new slice of the environment is replaced by a virtual host until every machine to be virtualized is …show more content…
converted.
A third barrier is performance. There are server types, particularly those with high I/O requirements such as databases, who have not traditionally done well when virtualized. With the introduction of network attached and serial attached storage devices as well as the ability to dedicate a network card to a particular virtual device, this not so much an issue.
Support Strategies
Virtualization has not saturated the public consciousness just yet.
Given time, it will become as ubiquitous as ‘Windows’, ‘iPhone’, and ‘JPEG’. The challenge is to convince those who make the decisions to understand that virtualization is a great option to reduce costs and improve efficiency. As stated above, virtualization has the potential to drastically reduce overhead for operating the city’s IT infrastructure. Considering the city is under a spotlight with respect to government spending, saving the city 90% of its IT infrastructure operating costs is a big deal. It also means, potentially, reducing staff as it takes fewer technicians to service 7-10 servers than it does to service 72+. Virtualization also provides the ability to quickly setup lab environments with which to test new initiatives in a safe setting. If the project does not pan out, simply recycle the virtual machines. Once decision makers understand all the benefits that come with virtualization and how the various barriers mention can be dealt with, any reservations should be resolved. One method to achieve this would be holding a ‘Virtualization Introduction’ seminar for the decision makers with some visual aids that will give the city’s leaders a clearer understanding of the benefits as well. The city has not virtualized its infrastructure. But, considering that the need to save money isn’t going away any time soon, it seems prudent to move forward sooner rather than
later.
The local media are another group that needs to be convinced of the value of virtualization as they are currently covering government spending. One option would be to invite reporters from the local news outlets to the ‘Virtualization Introduction’ seminar held for the city leaders. In this way, the reporters can ask questions and learn firsthand the direct benefits of the technology. Pointing them in the direction of municipalities who have already successfully implemented virtualization is also a good option as they can see the post implementation benefits first hand.
Technology Adoption Curve
Using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation model, the city of Seabreeze falls into the Late Majority category of the Innovation Adoption Lifecycle. Virtualization has been around since the 1960s and has been heavily adopted in the enterprise since the 1990s. Late Majority adopters “Respond to economic necessity [,are] [o]ften technologically shy[, and are] [v]ery cost sensitive” (Kaminski, 2014). The city of Seabreeze fits all three. The city is considering virtualization as a cost savings measure due to budget constraints. In addition, while the employees are not opposed to the idea of virtualization there has been no attempt to build a knowledgebase for the adoption of a virtualized environment. Being a municipality (with unexpected budget issues), the city does not have a large pool of capital to invest in IT (Rogers, 1976).
As Late Majority, the city of Seabreeze needs to be educated on the current state of enterprise virtualization. By making them aware that the technology is mature, stable, and well-supported, the decision makers will be more likely to adopt. And because the technology is mature, economies of scale have taken hold and prices have steadily fallen which makes it an attractive option. Add to this the financial returns associated with virtualization and the fact that the market is very competitive and the Late Adopter (in this case, the city of Seabreeze) will feel comfortable purchasing.
Technology Adoption Type
That being said, convincing the decision-makers that virtualization should be adopted is rather straight forward. As stated above, implementing a virtualized environment will save the city substantial monies previously required for IT. By virtualizing, the city of Seabreeze could, potentially free tens of thousands and depending on staffing needs post adoption, hundreds of thousands, of dollars per year for other city services. The resulting IT environment would be more nimble and able to respond to demands faster. This would also be a PR win for Seabreeze considering the local newspaper is running articles on government spending.
Technology Acceptance
It is all well and good to convince the decision makers to adopt virtualization. It is another thing to get the users to actually use it. With respect to Rogers Key Components (Rogers, 1976), Users need to understand the innovation itself; Virtualization. By showing them the relative advantage of virtualization, i.e. portable desktops, faster access to network resources and less downtime after a disaster, users should be excited about the transition. Users will also be pleased to learn that virtualization allows for unparalleled compatibility with their existing resources. Some users may fear virtualization as being too complex and will be reluctant to try it. The great thing about virtualization is that it is nearly transparent to the end user. Their daily experience should not change much at all. Rogers talks about ‘Trialability’, the idea that you can try before you buy. The city can facilitate this with a virtualization vendor, giving the users a lab where they can experience the technology before being immersed in it. Considering nearly 90% of all enterprise environments have adopted some virtualization, it is a very observable technology. Bringing in a representative from another municipality where virtualization has been successfully implemented will make users feel better about joining the ranks.
Communicating the benefits of virtualization to the users should come from as many sources as possible. First, direct communication from the city leaders with some explanation as to why the decision was made will inform users and start the process. Leaders should encourage users to talk to others who are in their position so they can learn the benefits of virtualization. A third, potentially impactful, method is for the city leaders to invite the local media who have run pieces on government spending to do another piece on the virtualization project. Seeing a newspaper article will spark conversation which will educate the users and help make them more comfortable with using the technology.
It is important that the city leaders involve the user’s social systems as part of their plan to influence employees. Setting time aside where managers can hold informal discussions, work teams can sit down with a subject matter expert and ask question, and perhaps even the current IT staff can take time during the day to discuss virtualization as they go about their daily tasks will expose users to details about the technology that will help ease any reservations they may have.
Considering the timing of the project, falling in the late majority, it is important for the users to understand that technology is not static. It is constantly moving forward and if the city waits too long, the costs in both productivity and finances are magnified. If they wait until they are in the laggard category, they will find it much more difficult to ‘catch up’.
The city of Seabreeze is in a good position to adopt a more efficient technology, free needed resources for other services, and receive positive PR from a local news source; a win-win for all involved. There are compelling reasons, stated above, to move forward and while there are hurdles to be overcome, each has a reasonable solution that will enable the city to meet the needs of its inhabitants.
References
Kaminski, J. (2011). Diffusion of innovation theory. Canadian Journal of Nursing Informatics, 6(2). Retrieved from http://cjni.net/journal/?p=1444
Rogers, E. M. (1976). New Product Adoption and Diffusion. Journal of Consumer Research, 2(4), 290-301. Retrieved from http://libraries.iub.edu/
U.S. Energy Information Administration . (n.d.). Electric power monthly: Table 5.6.A. average retail price of electricity to ultimate customers by end-use sector, by state, July 2014 and 2013 (cents per kilowatthour). Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_5_6_a
Veeam. (2011). Veeam launches V-index to measure virtualization penetration rate. Retrieved from http://www.veeam.com/news/veeam-launches-v-index-to-measure-virtualization-penetration-rate.html vSphere. (n.d.). VMware Pricing and Licensing. Retrieved from http://www.vmware.com/products/vsphere/pricing