When L2 learners speak, the rate of their …show more content…
A close look at the studies in this area shows that four main approaches can be detected: 1) an interactional approach following the work of Long (1985, 1989), 2) a sociocultural approach (e.g., Lantolf, 2000; Swain, 1998; Swain & Lapkin, 2001), 3) a structure-based approach (e.g., Loschky & Bley-Vroman , 1993), and 4) a cognitive, information-theoretic approach (Robinson, 2001a, 2001b, 2003, 2005, 2007; Skehan, 19978, 2001, 2003; Skehan & Foster, 1999, 2001), which focuses on learners’ attentional resources as used during task …show more content…
In the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in promoting the active use of the L21in instructional contexts. Be it to practice and internalize a structure; to promote the balanced development of learners’ fluency, accuracy, and complexity of language; or to empower and to encourage learners to communicate their own meanings, engaging in language production has gained a central role in many language classrooms. Slow but enormous changes in conceptions about language teaching and pedagogy have emphasized the role of production in such