c. Platelets are drawn to the injured endothelium where they release growth factors that cause abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells within the intima. The smooth muscles cells and macrophages then begin to release collagen and proteins, which are the components that form the fibrous aspect of atherosclerotic plaques.…
In this lab the results were recorded in two sections separated in sucrose and aspirin. The sucrose results were recorded as being in a solid state, having a white color and having a weighed mass of .21 grams. The aspirin results were recorded as a solid state, having a white color and having a weighed a mass of .10…
Less than a year after the drug’s release, a study named Vigor was completed. The study’s intent was to compare Vioxx and naproxen and the drugs’ effects on the gastrointestinal system. Results from the study showed Vioxx lessened internal bleeding but the…
Some medications are known to aggravate the blood’s ability to clot so medications such as ibuprofen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin should be avoided.…
2. What is the rationale for treating KH with an ACE inhibitor? What is the mechanism of action?…
TPO, is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes.…
Several studies have shown that indomethacin and ibuprofen are highly effective in treating PDA, and has been identified as effective alternative to ibuprofen. This can be an option for infants at risk of the reported adverse effects of NSAIDs such as renal impairment, platelet aggregation, hyperbilirubinemia and decreased organ perfusion. If the duct was not successfully treated with these medications a surgical ligation is necessary to promote hemodynamic stability.…
Unlike in other situations, absolute platelet count alone does not provide sufficient data in characterizing thrombocytopenia in ICU patients. In such cases, the time course of changes in platelet count is also pivotal. For example, a decline more than 50% compared to the baseline value is considered normal after cardiac surgery, but it is abnormal in the second week of ICU stay. It is also true in patients with no rise in platelet count within 5 days after ICU admission. So, it is essential to use both absolute platelet count and its changes during ICU stay to define thrombocytopenia (17).…
ITP, short for immune thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare bleeding disorder characterized by a low number of platelets in the blood. Immune refers to the immune system's involvement in this disorder. Thrombocytopenia refers to decrease in blood platelets. Purpura refers to the purplish-looking areas of the skin and mucous membranes where bleeding has occurred in result of lowered platelet, normally occurs over bony areas throughout the body. This happens when the immune system produces antibodies that see healthy platelets as foreign substances and then attack and destroy them. Platelets are necessary for normal blood clotting because they help one’s blood clot by clumping together to seal small holes in damaged blood vessels. It is most common…
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a biologically active phospholipid synthesized by a variety of stimulated cells, acts as a mediator of platelet aggregation, allergy, and inflammation. PAF is transformed to its biologically inactive lyso-PAF by the enzyme of PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Furthermore, plasma PAF-AH has been related with atherosclerosis and may be a positive risk factor for coronary heart disease.…
Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine prodrug that requires hepatic biotransformation to form an active metabolite that selectively and irreversibly inhibits the purinergic P2RY12 receptor, and thereby platelet aggregation, for the platelet's life span (~10 days). Only 15% of the prodrug is available for transformation to the active agent; the other 85% is hydrolyzed by esterases to inactive forms. Conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite requires two sequential oxidative steps involving several CYP450 enzymes (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and…
Physical examination is done to check for decreased or absent pulse, bruits sounds, and poor wound healing. Treatment includes life style changes, treating symptoms and trying to stop the disease from advancing. Reducing risk factor include smoking cessation, treatment of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Medications to treat symptomatic PAD include vasodilators in combination with antiplatelet or antithrombotic medications (aspirin, cilostazol, ticlopidine, or clopidogrel), cholesterol-lowering medications, and exercise rehabilitation (McCance & Huether, 2014). If symptoms are acute or refractory, emergent percutaneous or surgical revascularization may be indicated (McCance & Huether, 2014). Newer treatment modalities that are being explored include autologous stem cell therapies, gene therapy, and angiogenesis (McCance & Huether,…
Sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade along with downregulation of anticoagulant systems and fibrinolysis (Schouten et al., 2008). This cycle…
Cue/Data: Note dry skin: intake exceeding output: increased body temperature: lower Hb count after surgery: PreOp Hb 146/ WCC 8.1/ Platelets 322 , PostOp Hb 106/ WCC 10.8/ Platelets 223: Pre-Medication Na Citrate Orally 30 mLs…
There are three main types of treatments that can be administered to help treat the attack, including medications, surgery, and carotid angioplasty. Depending on the cause of the TIA, the doctor may prescribe medication to help reduce the tendency for blood to clot or recommend surgery or a balloon procedure (angioplasty). As for medications, there are two frequently used kinds that can be taken to help reduce the symptoms. The medication chosen depends on the location, cause, severity and type of TIA. The first type is anti-platelet drugs. These medications make your platelets, which are one of the circulating blood cell types, less likely to stick together. When blood vessels are injured, proteins clot in the blood plasma, forming sticky platelets which begin to form clots. The most commonly used anti-platelet medication is aspirin. Aspirin is so popular because it is the least expensive treatment with the fewest possible side effects. The second kind of drug is anticoagulants. These tablets include heparin and warfarin. They affect clotting- system proteins instead of platelet function. Heparin is used for a short period of time whereas warfarin is used over a longer period of time. These medications call for careful…