Shi Huang Ti Research Paper
Shi Huang Ti Qin Shi Huang was born in the Zhao state who named as "Ying Zheng" for which he was born in the January (Zheng means January in Chinese) (Carole & Bos, 1999; Cinderella, 2006; Wikipedia, 2006; &Duin, 2006). He later called himself as Shi Huang Ti after he conquered all of the states of his time. His mother was a businessman's (Lu Bu Wei) concubine who was given to Yi Ren (Yin Zheng's father) up to his request. On the other hand, his father was one of the sons of the crown prince (An Guo Jun) of the Qin state who was not favored by An Guo Jun, and was sent to Zhao as hostage. With the help of Lu Bu Wei, Yi Ren returned to his country home and ascended An Guo Jun as the next ruler. Yi Ren died three years later after he became
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the next Qin's lord. Ying Zheng ascended the throne from his father at the age of 13 with the assistant of the regents his mother and Lu Bu Wei. However, as he grew elder the smart Ying Zheng realized his power was in the hands of the regents and his mother favorite eunuch, Lao Ai. In early 20s, he showed his political talent by having Lao Du executed and removing Lu Bu Wei's power when both of them planned to overthrow him2 (Cinderella, 2006; Beijing Ulink Travel Net, 2006; & Duin, 2006). After the betrayals were removed, Ying Zheng hired capable scholars and warriors (e.g.: Li Si, Wang Jian)3 (Beijing Ulink Travel Net, 2006) to assist him in realizing his dream of conquering every other Chinese state. With the help of the capable people under him, Ying Zheng succeeded his life goal at the age of 38. He then named himself "Shi Huang Ti" 4(Shi means the first, Huang Ti means the highest emperor) as he was the first king to unite China in the history (Carole & Bos, 1999; Wikipedia, 2006; & Duin, 2006). He was also addressed as Qin Shi Huang in which he was from the Qin dynasty. Besides his excellent performance in politics, Qin Shi Huang was also an expert in the use of many kinds of traditional weapons (e.g.: swords) 5 (Wikipedia, 2006) The unity brought few major influences to the later China6 (Shapiro, 2003). Qin Shi Huang standardized the different units of measurements (e.g.: weights, currency) and even the Chinese script. These standardization brought unity among states and increase communication between people from different districts. Extensive network of canals and roads connecting the districts had help to accelerate interaction and trade in country, which improved the after-war economy indirectly. Another achievement of Qin Shi Huang is the Great Wall of China. The wall played important role in defending the country from enemies during Qin Shi Huang's time, and also the time after the fall of Qin dynasty. Not to forget was Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum where lies more than 7000 of real human scale terracotta. Qin Shi Huang was very keen in the search for immortality7 (Wikipedia, 2006 & Beijing Ulink Travel Net, 2006). Many young boys and girls were sent to follow Xu Fu's team of searching for immortality. Mausoleum was also built to ensure his power of ruling continued afterlife, where thousands of warrior and scholar terracotta were buried with his body. Several trips around the country were made to show his superiority and as well as to search for secrets to immortality. Ying Zheng died in his seventh trip at age 50. Despite his excellent politic ability and achievements he was very well known for his cruelty towards people who betrayed or against him. However, I personally view that his cruelty was essential (but was done over mark) to the situation to control people's behavior that had avoided many unnecessary war which saved even more people's life. The theory of Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler are used to analyze Shi Huang Ti's personality. Erikson proposed that human development is not depended entirely on biological factor but rather a constant individual growth throughout her life (Magnavita, 2002). Erikson's psychosocial stages of personality development is applied onto him to analysis how his struggle between crises in different stages influenced his personalities. The first stage of the psychosocial stages of personality development is the trust versus mistrust. In this stage, the development of trust is greatly influenced by the relationship between caregiver, especially mother, and child (Friedman & Schustack, 2005). Qin Shi Huang showed strong sense of mistrust towards people in which he centralized the administration power on himself and allow no man to summon the troops (Peng, 2003). He learned the lesson that to trust no one, even his own family members where his two regents who were meant to assist him betrayed him. After the deceased of Qin Shi Huang's father Zhao Ji had secret affair with the fake eunuch Lao Ai and gave birth to two sons. Qin Shi Huang killed Lao Ai and every member of his family including two of his half-blood brother when Lao Ai planned to seize his throne. Cruel control had then become Shi Huang Ti's standard treatment for all, including his family. Believing no one could be trusted; Qin Shi Huang protected himself from assassination by building several palaces and never stayed too long in one palace (Wikipedia, 2006).
Thus, I would conclude that Qin Shi Huang's sense of mistrust could have stemmed from the betrayal from his mother that was supposed to take care of him had affair with another man and he almost overthrown by his mother's lover. This caused him to be suspicious towards others and executed whoever acted against him, including all of the family members of the wrongdoer. Conversely, as an excellent politician and ruler, Shi Huang Ti trusted his loyal capable men to assist him to conquer the other states. Another major conflict Shi Huang Ti faced was the fifth stage of the psychosocial development identity cohesion and identity confusion. Ying Zheng reached early stage of puberty (age 13) when he ascended the throne. The young Ying Zheng did not have the real power as a king. He faced a certain degree of identity confusion where his role as a king was as if a merely puppet king of Lu Bu Wei, Zhao Ji and Lao Ai. He resolved it when he executed Lao Ai and eliminated Lu Bu Wei from his cabinet and regained his power as a king. Also in this stage, young Ying Zheng had dreamt to conquer the states with his own troops. The dream and regain of his power had definitely helped to reaffirm his self-identity as a young king. He then hired Li Si as his most trustful assistant showed his determination to become a greater king than his ancestors. His expertise in politics, weapons and war techniques helped him to realize his dream at age 38. With the cohesion identity of self and reality, Ying Zheng finally united all of the states under his dynasty which he called himself Qin Shi Huang. In the next stage the generativity versus stagnation is the stage where we need to be involved in passing our knowledge to next generation, happens approximately from age 38 to 55 (Schultz & Schultz, 2005). Obviously Qin Shi Huang did not resolve this stage till his death at age 50. According to Erikson, one is deemed to teach and guide the next generation as a desirable way of coping this crisis (Cloninger, 2004). In contrast, Qin Shi Huang sent his crown prince, Fu Su, away from him to supervise the Great Wall construction. A proof of stagnation is that Shi Huang Ti was still living in the world of his glory where he made several trips around the country and built stones about his achievements at almost every stop along his trips. Qin Shi Huang built his own tomb that prepared him to continue to rule in his afterlife. The tomb was almost completed by 219 BC. However, he started to desire to remain immortal in the world so that he could rule forever. Qin Shi Huang showed his stagnation where he did not accept the fact that he would eventually die like any other normal people, regardless of his achievement or status. He sent thousands of people to the East to search for the legendary immortal elixirs. In sum, based on Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development Qin Shi Huang's cruelty, sense of insecurity, and irrational belief of immortality would concluded as the results of maladaptive way of coping during the first and seventh stage. While his success would be a result of his resolution of the identity cohesion versus identity confusion in Stage five. As a comparison, Alfred Adler's theory rooted on self-actualization would argue that Shi Huang Ti's unique personality was due to his inferiority feelings and personal characteristics that strive for perfection, the style of life. Inferiority feelings, the source of human motivation and that result from compensation, and striving for superiority (or perfection) could mold one's personalities. (Schultz & Schultz, 2005). As mentioned earlier, Ying Zheng's father was originally merely the hostage in the Zhao state. Ying Zheng was born in Zhao and received bad treatment there despite his royal identity. He even almost killed by the Zhao's soldiers when the war between Qin and Zhao started. Only with the help of Lu Bu Wei that was only businessman, he who owned the royal blood could escape from the execution. Thus, I would believe that Qin Shi Huang's inferiority feelings developed since he was small where he served as a hostage in Zhao together with his father. His returned to Zhao had then accompanied by his took over as the Qin's king few years later. The inferiority feelings in Ying Zheng did not seem to be decreased but in fact increased. As he ascended the throne at the very young age and the power of administration was automatically went into the hands of the regents. He who wanted to run his cabinet on his own faced restrain from the regents as well as his young age. After he reached age 21, that was said to have officially taken over the real power as the king, he executed Lao Ai and eliminated Lu Bu Wei who were trying to betray him, as a way to cope with his inferiority feelings. Ying Zheng overcame his inferiority feelings by practicing various weapons that could help him to show his superiority to ensure the obeisance of his officers to him.
His sense of inferiority then developed into superiority complex (a condition where Shi Huang Ti overcompensate his inferiority feelings). He worked extremely hard that had led him to finally unite the Chinese states under one name the Qin dynasty. Additionally, Shi Huang Ti forced himself to mark 30 kg of bamboo scroll documents each day. The strongest evidence of his superiority complex was that the use of the name "Shi Huang Ti" which carry the meaning of the first and greatest emperor ever in the history. Nevertheless, stones had also built along his trip around his land that meant to commemorate his achievement to his people as well to the generations after him. As mentioned by Adler, the ultimate goal of our life is to strive for perfection, or superiority through unique characteristics that influenced by environment we live in (Friedman & Schustack, 2005). Adler categorized these unique characteristics into four main style of life: the dominant, getting, avoiding and socially useful type. People who own the dominant type would tend to seek to control others and often encounter their problem they meet in life in selfish and self-centered way (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, cited in Cloninger, 2004; Schultz & Schultz, 2005). Without second doubt, Qin Shi Huang perfectly falls under the dominant type of style of life due to his
deeds.
Since his early 20s, he showed his cruelty side where he executed not only the betrayer eunuch Lao Ai but also all of the people that had even the slightest family relationship with him. More than 4000 people were killed along with Lao Ai's execution. Moreover, hundreds of thousands of men and women were forced to work in the constructions of the Great Wall and Qin Shi Huang's palaces. Qin Shi Huang adapted the mistaken style of life to strive for perfection, where he used force and being self-centered regardless of others' situation in order to attain his goal. Furthermore, all scrolls (or books) other than those that related to farming were burnt. Thousands of scholars who criticized him were buried alive. These were to control the people from criticizing him and also to prevent his people's from gaining knowledge that would then overthrow him. Shi Huang Ti strong sense of control over others had even extended into his afterlife. Warrior terracotta were buried in war formation served to protect him afterlife. His dominant personality had even worsened where the luxurious afterlife was no longer attractive to him but an immortal life to look after his glorious dynasty. Moreover, Adler's theory on birth order also had great influence in Ying Zheng, who was the first child born in the family (Schultz & Schultz, 2005). I would suggest that he was the only born in family though the information about his siblings were not found. Based on Adler's theory, only born child normally mature earlier than children of the same age in which they mix more often with adults than with children. He settled the betrayal planned by Lu Bu Wei and Lao Ai at age 22 and had his troops conquered all of the Chinese states at the young age of 38 had definitely showed his pre-maturity.
Nonetheless, as the only child he was the centre of the attention of his family and often gained all of the resources (such as love or food) he wanted with no need of communication with other children as many other non-only-born children. This caused him to become extremely self-centered where he attained his goal without regard of others. The construction of palaces and the Great Wall that sacrificed lives of hundred thousands of people prove this point. In addition, Qin Shi Huang's capability could be linked to his position as the only child in the family where he was the only one recipient to obtain the best learning environment (such as teachers to teach him the skills of weapons, politics skills). This helped him to be equipped with all the knowledge needed to become the first emperor of China. Unlike Erikson, Adlerian psychologists would contend that inferiority feelings that had then developed into superiority complex and strive for perfection were the core factor of Shi Huang Ti's personality. Shi Huang Ti coped with his inferiority feelings in negative way and strived for perfection through ruthless action. Other than that, the birth order theory also explains how environment played an important role in the molding of Qin Shi Huang's personality.
Discussion
As a conclusion, both theories mentioned above addressed the same area of Qin Shi Huang's main characteristics: cruel, capable, desires for immortality. The similarity between Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler's theories is that both greatly emphasize the indeterministic perspective in human personality. Human beings are not the product of the past, but rather they are what they choose to be. Both theorists also agree on the basis that human personalities are partly influenced by the environment (Erikson on caregiver' attention to children and Adler on the birth order theory). However, the slight difference between these theories is that Erikson emphasizes the struggle to overcome crises in different stages is the source of motivation of humans; while Adler stresses on the feelings of inferiority and strive for superiority as the source of human motivation. Adler, as compared to Erikson, would state that humans' personalities are more drawn by the future, as the desire to strive for perfection (Corey, 2004). Given both of the theories, I would accept the explanations on Qin Shi Huang's personality from both of the theories as appropriate. In my opinion, human beings' personality is influenced by various factors and no one could actually point out which is the defining factor on personality. Hence, the analyses on Shi Huang Ti's characteristics could be approached from different perspectives as what have done by Erikson's and Adler's theories which explain the main character's personality from different point of view.
In sum, it would be possible that Qin Shi Huang's personalities were molded by the factors mentioned in both Erikson's and Adler's theory, where Shi Huang Ti's personalities were mainly shaped by the environment factors and personal strengths.
Written by,
Yong Chiao Thong
the next Qin's lord. Ying Zheng ascended the throne from his father at the age of 13 with the assistant of the regents his mother and Lu Bu Wei. However, as he grew elder the smart Ying Zheng realized his power was in the hands of the regents and his mother favorite eunuch, Lao Ai. In early 20s, he showed his political talent by having Lao Du executed and removing Lu Bu Wei's power when both of them planned to overthrow him2 (Cinderella, 2006; Beijing Ulink Travel Net, 2006; & Duin, 2006). After the betrayals were removed, Ying Zheng hired capable scholars and warriors (e.g.: Li Si, Wang Jian)3 (Beijing Ulink Travel Net, 2006) to assist him in realizing his dream of conquering every other Chinese state. With the help of the capable people under him, Ying Zheng succeeded his life goal at the age of 38. He then named himself "Shi Huang Ti" 4(Shi means the first, Huang Ti means the highest emperor) as he was the first king to unite China in the history (Carole & Bos, 1999; Wikipedia, 2006; & Duin, 2006). He was also addressed as Qin Shi Huang in which he was from the Qin dynasty. Besides his excellent performance in politics, Qin Shi Huang was also an expert in the use of many kinds of traditional weapons (e.g.: swords) 5 (Wikipedia, 2006) The unity brought few major influences to the later China6 (Shapiro, 2003). Qin Shi Huang standardized the different units of measurements (e.g.: weights, currency) and even the Chinese script. These standardization brought unity among states and increase communication between people from different districts. Extensive network of canals and roads connecting the districts had help to accelerate interaction and trade in country, which improved the after-war economy indirectly. Another achievement of Qin Shi Huang is the Great Wall of China. The wall played important role in defending the country from enemies during Qin Shi Huang's time, and also the time after the fall of Qin dynasty. Not to forget was Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum where lies more than 7000 of real human scale terracotta. Qin Shi Huang was very keen in the search for immortality7 (Wikipedia, 2006 & Beijing Ulink Travel Net, 2006). Many young boys and girls were sent to follow Xu Fu's team of searching for immortality. Mausoleum was also built to ensure his power of ruling continued afterlife, where thousands of warrior and scholar terracotta were buried with his body. Several trips around the country were made to show his superiority and as well as to search for secrets to immortality. Ying Zheng died in his seventh trip at age 50. Despite his excellent politic ability and achievements he was very well known for his cruelty towards people who betrayed or against him. However, I personally view that his cruelty was essential (but was done over mark) to the situation to control people's behavior that had avoided many unnecessary war which saved even more people's life. The theory of Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler are used to analyze Shi Huang Ti's personality. Erikson proposed that human development is not depended entirely on biological factor but rather a constant individual growth throughout her life (Magnavita, 2002). Erikson's psychosocial stages of personality development is applied onto him to analysis how his struggle between crises in different stages influenced his personalities. The first stage of the psychosocial stages of personality development is the trust versus mistrust. In this stage, the development of trust is greatly influenced by the relationship between caregiver, especially mother, and child (Friedman & Schustack, 2005). Qin Shi Huang showed strong sense of mistrust towards people in which he centralized the administration power on himself and allow no man to summon the troops (Peng, 2003). He learned the lesson that to trust no one, even his own family members where his two regents who were meant to assist him betrayed him. After the deceased of Qin Shi Huang's father Zhao Ji had secret affair with the fake eunuch Lao Ai and gave birth to two sons. Qin Shi Huang killed Lao Ai and every member of his family including two of his half-blood brother when Lao Ai planned to seize his throne. Cruel control had then become Shi Huang Ti's standard treatment for all, including his family. Believing no one could be trusted; Qin Shi Huang protected himself from assassination by building several palaces and never stayed too long in one palace (Wikipedia, 2006).
Thus, I would conclude that Qin Shi Huang's sense of mistrust could have stemmed from the betrayal from his mother that was supposed to take care of him had affair with another man and he almost overthrown by his mother's lover. This caused him to be suspicious towards others and executed whoever acted against him, including all of the family members of the wrongdoer. Conversely, as an excellent politician and ruler, Shi Huang Ti trusted his loyal capable men to assist him to conquer the other states. Another major conflict Shi Huang Ti faced was the fifth stage of the psychosocial development identity cohesion and identity confusion. Ying Zheng reached early stage of puberty (age 13) when he ascended the throne. The young Ying Zheng did not have the real power as a king. He faced a certain degree of identity confusion where his role as a king was as if a merely puppet king of Lu Bu Wei, Zhao Ji and Lao Ai. He resolved it when he executed Lao Ai and eliminated Lu Bu Wei from his cabinet and regained his power as a king. Also in this stage, young Ying Zheng had dreamt to conquer the states with his own troops. The dream and regain of his power had definitely helped to reaffirm his self-identity as a young king. He then hired Li Si as his most trustful assistant showed his determination to become a greater king than his ancestors. His expertise in politics, weapons and war techniques helped him to realize his dream at age 38. With the cohesion identity of self and reality, Ying Zheng finally united all of the states under his dynasty which he called himself Qin Shi Huang. In the next stage the generativity versus stagnation is the stage where we need to be involved in passing our knowledge to next generation, happens approximately from age 38 to 55 (Schultz & Schultz, 2005). Obviously Qin Shi Huang did not resolve this stage till his death at age 50. According to Erikson, one is deemed to teach and guide the next generation as a desirable way of coping this crisis (Cloninger, 2004). In contrast, Qin Shi Huang sent his crown prince, Fu Su, away from him to supervise the Great Wall construction. A proof of stagnation is that Shi Huang Ti was still living in the world of his glory where he made several trips around the country and built stones about his achievements at almost every stop along his trips. Qin Shi Huang built his own tomb that prepared him to continue to rule in his afterlife. The tomb was almost completed by 219 BC. However, he started to desire to remain immortal in the world so that he could rule forever. Qin Shi Huang showed his stagnation where he did not accept the fact that he would eventually die like any other normal people, regardless of his achievement or status. He sent thousands of people to the East to search for the legendary immortal elixirs. In sum, based on Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development Qin Shi Huang's cruelty, sense of insecurity, and irrational belief of immortality would concluded as the results of maladaptive way of coping during the first and seventh stage. While his success would be a result of his resolution of the identity cohesion versus identity confusion in Stage five. As a comparison, Alfred Adler's theory rooted on self-actualization would argue that Shi Huang Ti's unique personality was due to his inferiority feelings and personal characteristics that strive for perfection, the style of life. Inferiority feelings, the source of human motivation and that result from compensation, and striving for superiority (or perfection) could mold one's personalities. (Schultz & Schultz, 2005). As mentioned earlier, Ying Zheng's father was originally merely the hostage in the Zhao state. Ying Zheng was born in Zhao and received bad treatment there despite his royal identity. He even almost killed by the Zhao's soldiers when the war between Qin and Zhao started. Only with the help of Lu Bu Wei that was only businessman, he who owned the royal blood could escape from the execution. Thus, I would believe that Qin Shi Huang's inferiority feelings developed since he was small where he served as a hostage in Zhao together with his father. His returned to Zhao had then accompanied by his took over as the Qin's king few years later. The inferiority feelings in Ying Zheng did not seem to be decreased but in fact increased. As he ascended the throne at the very young age and the power of administration was automatically went into the hands of the regents. He who wanted to run his cabinet on his own faced restrain from the regents as well as his young age. After he reached age 21, that was said to have officially taken over the real power as the king, he executed Lao Ai and eliminated Lu Bu Wei who were trying to betray him, as a way to cope with his inferiority feelings. Ying Zheng overcame his inferiority feelings by practicing various weapons that could help him to show his superiority to ensure the obeisance of his officers to him.
His sense of inferiority then developed into superiority complex (a condition where Shi Huang Ti overcompensate his inferiority feelings). He worked extremely hard that had led him to finally unite the Chinese states under one name the Qin dynasty. Additionally, Shi Huang Ti forced himself to mark 30 kg of bamboo scroll documents each day. The strongest evidence of his superiority complex was that the use of the name "Shi Huang Ti" which carry the meaning of the first and greatest emperor ever in the history. Nevertheless, stones had also built along his trip around his land that meant to commemorate his achievement to his people as well to the generations after him. As mentioned by Adler, the ultimate goal of our life is to strive for perfection, or superiority through unique characteristics that influenced by environment we live in (Friedman & Schustack, 2005). Adler categorized these unique characteristics into four main style of life: the dominant, getting, avoiding and socially useful type. People who own the dominant type would tend to seek to control others and often encounter their problem they meet in life in selfish and self-centered way (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956, cited in Cloninger, 2004; Schultz & Schultz, 2005). Without second doubt, Qin Shi Huang perfectly falls under the dominant type of style of life due to his
deeds.
Since his early 20s, he showed his cruelty side where he executed not only the betrayer eunuch Lao Ai but also all of the people that had even the slightest family relationship with him. More than 4000 people were killed along with Lao Ai's execution. Moreover, hundreds of thousands of men and women were forced to work in the constructions of the Great Wall and Qin Shi Huang's palaces. Qin Shi Huang adapted the mistaken style of life to strive for perfection, where he used force and being self-centered regardless of others' situation in order to attain his goal. Furthermore, all scrolls (or books) other than those that related to farming were burnt. Thousands of scholars who criticized him were buried alive. These were to control the people from criticizing him and also to prevent his people's from gaining knowledge that would then overthrow him. Shi Huang Ti strong sense of control over others had even extended into his afterlife. Warrior terracotta were buried in war formation served to protect him afterlife. His dominant personality had even worsened where the luxurious afterlife was no longer attractive to him but an immortal life to look after his glorious dynasty. Moreover, Adler's theory on birth order also had great influence in Ying Zheng, who was the first child born in the family (Schultz & Schultz, 2005). I would suggest that he was the only born in family though the information about his siblings were not found. Based on Adler's theory, only born child normally mature earlier than children of the same age in which they mix more often with adults than with children. He settled the betrayal planned by Lu Bu Wei and Lao Ai at age 22 and had his troops conquered all of the Chinese states at the young age of 38 had definitely showed his pre-maturity.
Nonetheless, as the only child he was the centre of the attention of his family and often gained all of the resources (such as love or food) he wanted with no need of communication with other children as many other non-only-born children. This caused him to become extremely self-centered where he attained his goal without regard of others. The construction of palaces and the Great Wall that sacrificed lives of hundred thousands of people prove this point. In addition, Qin Shi Huang's capability could be linked to his position as the only child in the family where he was the only one recipient to obtain the best learning environment (such as teachers to teach him the skills of weapons, politics skills). This helped him to be equipped with all the knowledge needed to become the first emperor of China. Unlike Erikson, Adlerian psychologists would contend that inferiority feelings that had then developed into superiority complex and strive for perfection were the core factor of Shi Huang Ti's personality. Shi Huang Ti coped with his inferiority feelings in negative way and strived for perfection through ruthless action. Other than that, the birth order theory also explains how environment played an important role in the molding of Qin Shi Huang's personality.
Discussion
As a conclusion, both theories mentioned above addressed the same area of Qin Shi Huang's main characteristics: cruel, capable, desires for immortality. The similarity between Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler's theories is that both greatly emphasize the indeterministic perspective in human personality. Human beings are not the product of the past, but rather they are what they choose to be. Both theorists also agree on the basis that human personalities are partly influenced by the environment (Erikson on caregiver' attention to children and Adler on the birth order theory). However, the slight difference between these theories is that Erikson emphasizes the struggle to overcome crises in different stages is the source of motivation of humans; while Adler stresses on the feelings of inferiority and strive for superiority as the source of human motivation. Adler, as compared to Erikson, would state that humans' personalities are more drawn by the future, as the desire to strive for perfection (Corey, 2004). Given both of the theories, I would accept the explanations on Qin Shi Huang's personality from both of the theories as appropriate. In my opinion, human beings' personality is influenced by various factors and no one could actually point out which is the defining factor on personality. Hence, the analyses on Shi Huang Ti's characteristics could be approached from different perspectives as what have done by Erikson's and Adler's theories which explain the main character's personality from different point of view.
In sum, it would be possible that Qin Shi Huang's personalities were molded by the factors mentioned in both Erikson's and Adler's theory, where Shi Huang Ti's personalities were mainly shaped by the environment factors and personal strengths.
Written by,
Yong Chiao Thong