short answer questions for Lecture Exam 4
Sample ‘short answer’ questions for Lecture Exam 4 (Final Exam)
(1) Briefly describe the meninges and spaces that surround the spinal cord.
Meningeal Branch:
Tiny, reenters vertebral canal, innervates meninges and blood vessels
(2) Distinguish among exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors.
Exteroceptors:
Respond to stimuli arising outside body
Receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Most special sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell)
Interoceptors:
Respond to stimuli arising in viscera and blood vessels
Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
Sometimes their activity causes us to feel pain, discomfort, hunger, or thirst but usually unaware of their workings
Proprioceptors:
Like interoceptors, respond to internal stimuli, however their location is restricted
Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Inform brain of one’s movements depending on stretch of organs
(3) Compare and contrast phasic and tonic adaptation. Be able to provide one example of a receptor for each.
Phasic:
Fast adapting
Bursts of impulses at the beginning and end of stimulus
Report changes in external and internal environment
Examples: Receptors for pressure, touch, and smell
Tonic:
Sustained response that adapt slowly or not at all
Examples: nociceptors and most proprioceptors (protective importance of their information)
(4) Briefly describe the anatomy of a muscle spindle (Figure 13.16).
Intrafusal muscle fibers:
Modified skeletal muscle fibers enclosed in connective tissue capsule
The central regions lack myofilaments and are non-contractile
2 types of afferent endings send sensory input from the central region to the CNS (stimulated by stretch)
The ends contain actin and myosin filaments that are contractile regions
The ends are innervated by gamma (γ) fibers that arise from motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord
(1) Briefly describe the meninges and spaces that surround the spinal cord.
Meningeal Branch:
Tiny, reenters vertebral canal, innervates meninges and blood vessels
(2) Distinguish among exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors.
Exteroceptors:
Respond to stimuli arising outside body
Receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Most special sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell)
Interoceptors:
Respond to stimuli arising in viscera and blood vessels
Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
Sometimes their activity causes us to feel pain, discomfort, hunger, or thirst but usually unaware of their workings
Proprioceptors:
Like interoceptors, respond to internal stimuli, however their location is restricted
Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Inform brain of one’s movements depending on stretch of organs
(3) Compare and contrast phasic and tonic adaptation. Be able to provide one example of a receptor for each.
Phasic:
Fast adapting
Bursts of impulses at the beginning and end of stimulus
Report changes in external and internal environment
Examples: Receptors for pressure, touch, and smell
Tonic:
Sustained response that adapt slowly or not at all
Examples: nociceptors and most proprioceptors (protective importance of their information)
(4) Briefly describe the anatomy of a muscle spindle (Figure 13.16).
Intrafusal muscle fibers:
Modified skeletal muscle fibers enclosed in connective tissue capsule
The central regions lack myofilaments and are non-contractile
2 types of afferent endings send sensory input from the central region to the CNS (stimulated by stretch)
The ends contain actin and myosin filaments that are contractile regions
The ends are innervated by gamma (γ) fibers that arise from motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord