Deval Khandal
CONTENT
* International Marketing – An Introduction * Marketing Environment * Culture * Values * Heroes * Rituals * Symbols * Formation of Individual’s Cultural Value System * Consumer Ethnocentrism * Elements Contributing Culture * Political Element * Economic Element * Socio-cultural Element * Benefits of Understanding Culture * Some examples of Cultural Mistakes * References
International Marketing – An Introduction
A group of activities that satisfies the costumer across the national boundaries, through exchange process, is called international marketing. In domestic market marketing starts with identifying the needs of costumer and then meeting the needs of individuals. But in case of international marketing it is different from domestic marketing, customer needs are different in different cultures. Moreover, marketing activities need to be changed according to the economic, social, cultural or political environment.
“At its simplest level, international marketing involves the firm in making one or more marketing decisions across national boundaries. At its most complex level, it involves the firm in establishing manufacturing facilities overseas and coordinating marketing strategies across the globe.” (Doole and Lowe, 2001)
Larry D. Makus states that engaging in international marketing gives several embryonic rewards. Exporting market bestow elongation chances, which are not certain in domestic market. Exporting may show a tremendous increase in revenues from international market without increasing the present product line. International marketing is full of competition and challenges, overcoming these situations give constructive ramifications to the business.
International marketing
References: Durgee, J. (1986), ``How consumer sub-cultures code reality: a look at some code types ' ', in Lutz, R. (Ed.), Advances in Consumer Research, Association for Consumer Research, Provo, UT, Vol. 13, pp. 332-7. Erickson,GaryM., JohnyK. Johansson,andPaulChao(1984), "Image Variables in Multi-Attribute Product Evaluations: Country-of-Origin Effects," Journal of Consumer Re- search, 11 (September), 694-700. Fishbein, Harold D. (1996). Peer Prejudice and Discrimination: Evolutionary, Cul- tural, and Developmental Dynamics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Geertz, C. (1973), The Interpretation of Cultures, Basic Books, New York, NY. Hall, E.T. (1960), “The silent language in overseas business”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 87-96. Hall, E.T. (1970), Beyond Culture, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY. Hofstede, Geert H. (1980), Culture 's Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA. Hofstede, G. (1983), “…The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 14, pp. 75-89. Hofstede, G. (1997), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Hofstede, Geert (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, In- stitutions and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. LeVine, Robert A. and Donald T. Campbell (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of Con- flict, Ethnic Attitudes, and Group Behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons. McCracken, G. (1986), ``Culture and consumption: a theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods ' ', Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 13, June, pp. 71-84. McCracken, G. (1988), Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN. Pye, Lucian (1983), Chinese Commercial Negotiation Style. Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain. Rokeach, M. (1968), ``A theory of organization and change in value-attitude systems ' ', Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 24 No. 2. Rook, D.W. (1985), ``The ritual dimension of consumer behavior ' ', Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 12, December, pp. 251-64. Tajfel, Henri (1969). “Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice,” Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79-98. Tse, David K., Russell W. Belk, and Nan Zhan (1988), "Learningto Consume: A Longitudinal and Cross-Cultural Content Analysis of Print Advertisements from Hong Kong, People 's Republic of China and Taiwan," Journal of Con- sumer Research (forthcoming). Vinson, D.E., Scott, J.E. and Lamont, L.M. (1977), ``The role of personal values in marketing and consumer behavior ' ', Journal of Marketing, Vol. 41, April, pp. 44-50.