Similarities And Differences Between Archaea And Bacteria

It is thought that archaea and bacteria were diverged early in their existence because of all the dissimilarities between the two groups. Both bacteria and archaea are enclosed in cell membranes. Archaea have a single cell membrane that absences a peptidoglycan wall and also their genetic transcription and translation, the two main processes in molecular biology do not show the typical bacterial features, but are quite similar to those of eukaryotes. Archaea are more related to eukaryotes, even though eubacteria and archaea are prokaryotic groups. Bacteria were the first forms of life that appeared on earth. Bacteria and archaea dominated for about 3 billion years ago when all organisms were microscopic. Bacteria have wide types of shape and
Disease‐causing bacteria infect organisms in two different ways. Plenty of them attack the body's cells directly whereas others produce chemicals called TOXINS (poisons). One of the main types of bacteria that can cause plant diseases are the Proteobacteria. This occurs because plants and bacteria live in the same environments. Symptoms of this disease are when leaves start eventually turning yellow and eventually plant dies completely. There are known plenty other diseases bacteria causes in animals as: Dysentery in monkeys, Diphtheria in rabbits, and Tuberculosis .Also plant diseases as:” Blight disease of rice”, “Fire blight disease” in apple etc. Archaea contains plasmids that are similar to those found in many Bacteria. 41 plasmids from Archaea have been sequenced which means that we know the complete DNA sequence of these plasmids. Others may have one plasmid and some others may contain much more plasmids that can reach up to 400 000 base pairs long. Even at this time it is still not known a lot about plasmid’s function in Archaea. It is possible that plasmids and the genes can be transferred between different Archaea and there may be a possibility that this can happen between some Archaea and
Precisely, plasmids are extrachromosomal pieces of DNA which means that a plasmid is a short, usually circular segment of DNA which is found in the cytoplasm separate from the main bacterial chromosome. Plasmids usually contain between 5 to 100 genes that are not required for the endurance of the bacteria. Genes for normal growth, metabolism, and cell structure are placed on the main bacterial chromosome. As long as the bacteria is thriving in a low-stress location, eliminating all the plasmids would not impact the capability of the bacterium to survive. Plasmids have the ability to replicate, or copy, themselves. Generally, bacteria are replicated by binary fission. A single bacterial cell (mother cell) copies the chromosome, then the cell splits in two, giving each half of the cell a copy of the chromosome. The two new duplicated daughter cells are basically clones of the mother cell. Plasmids carry genes that direct their own additional and replication factors that ensure that the copies get divided into the new daughter cells. This confirms that the plasmids are not lost from the cells during binary