Similarities Between Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Most prokaryotes are small, single-celled organisms that have a relatively simple structure. Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, but they have no internal membrane-bound organelles within their cytoplasm. The absence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles differentiates prokaryotes from another class of organisms called eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are similar in their chemical composition and chemical reactions. Prokaryotes have peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Prokaryotes are Bacteria that are unicellular. Most Bacteria multiply by binary fission. There are three kinds of bacteria shapes: coccus, bacillus and spiral.
A pleomorphic bacteria can have several shapes. Prokaryotes are divided into two distinct groups: Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
There is a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae. Eukaryotes may be either single-celled or multicellular. In eukaryotes, genetic material, or DNA, is contained within an organelle called the nucleus, where it is organized in long molecules called chromosomes. The plasma membrane in eukaryotes is a phospholipid bilayer that contains proteins attached to carbohydrates and sterols. Eukaryotes can move materials across the plasma membrane by passive processes and active
transport.
Eukaryotes also use phagocytosis and pinocytosis to move substances. The cytoplasm of Eukaryotes includes everything inside the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus. Organelles are present in the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains that DNA for the Eukaryote. The nuclear envelope is connected to a system of membranes in the cytoplasm called endoplasmic reticulum or ER. The endoplasmic reticulum is a transporting network and stores molecules for chemical reactions. Protein synthesis and transport occur on rough endoplasmic reticulum and lipid synthesis occurs on smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complex helps in membrane formation and protein secretion. Lysosomes are formed in the Golgi complex and stores digestive enzymes. Mitochondria are the sites of ATP production for the cell.
Gram-negative bacterium is harder to kill due to the lipopolysaccharide.
When gram stained gram-negative bacteria stains pink or red; it is colorless and requires safranin as a counterstain. The cell wall of the bacterial cell is a complex, semirigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2013). Gram positive bacteria occupy a multilayered thick peptidoglycan, and teichoic acid. Teichoic acids assist with distinguishes gram positive bacteria from other bacteria. The Gram positive bacteria are easier to kill. The gram reaction of dye staining is blue or violet. Gram-negative bacteria cell wall can be described as having a thin peptidoglycan, no teichoic acid but it does have an outer membrane lipopolysaccharide, lipoproteins, and phospholipids. The lipopolysaccharide is on top of the peptidoglycan layer. The outer membrane helps protect cell from antibiotics and digestive
enzymes.
Bacterial endospores allow bacteria to survive for long periods of time. An endospore is called a resting structure because it allows the cell to survive as opposed to growing and reproducing. The endospore is a protective coating for the bacteria to help it withstand conditions in the environment. Gram staining allows us to see different structures in bacteria. Gram negative bacteria will retain the violet stain but will dissolve it after the decolorizing agent is added. After the iodine is used, it becomes trapped in the peptidoglycan of the gram positive cells.