With The Second Sex, Beauvoir wrote what is now considered to be the bible for second wave feminism, introducing revolutionary ideas that spurred on feminists for generations to come. Beauvoir draws parallels with oppressions of blacks and jews, with a significant difference: women struggle to create solidarity or separatist groups due to the vastness of their issue, and yet depend on men for a sense of accomplishment, companionship, and economic stability, under concepts created by the patriarchy.“One is not born but becomes a woman” She was the first to say on a broad scale that physical differences don’t explain social differences when it pertains to gender, something that is an integral and base platform for all feminism since…
When writing literary criticism one must ponder upon the significance of the topic to the literary canon as a whole. While there may not be a single definitive answer to how significant a topic is, one can question if the topic has been neglected or rejected by Western literary circles. If the answer is “yes,” then it is the critics’ duty to refashion the spotlight on the text. It was not until the 1970’s where feminism influenced the revival of texts authored by women. Historically conditioned suppositions of male superiority has allowed the sex to dominate certain genres of literature, moreover men are given recognition for ideas that are thought of as revolutionary and original where, in fact, silenced female authors have reflected upon, and even perfected those thoughts. Henry Louis Gates Jr. writes in Introduction to Writing…
Both authors examine how socially constructed concepts of gender and sexuality have brought forth a society that actively resists a part of their culture that is strange and does not fall under existing stereotypes that have been deemed normal. The reactions by the dominating culture to the new culture are repeated in both authors’ works: the vehement disgust and rejection of the new culture (the Spacers, or women-impersonating aliens) by the dominant culture. They present their argument through the medium of science fiction, which as mentioned in the introduction, gives an author the opportunity to manipulate pre-existing concepts into a new and unique way without causing an uproar within society. Instead the individual reader has the right to determine if the ideas presented in works of science fiction are purely fantastical or have some merit in real…
Within the worlds of “Blacksad” and “Watchmen” women are portrayed in a stereotypical way. They are not seen at the same scale as the men within their respective universes; instead, they are seen as symbols of sex. And through being viewed as sex symbols, the women gain their power. Although the women from their respective universes differ with how this power is used. Some use their sexuality to their advantage to try and gain something from those around them, while some are given this power of sexuality and it is used against them, creating negative biases or people misinterpreting their sexaulity, or it just does not work in their favor. “Blacksad” reveals how the power of sexuality works to benefit the women; while “Watchmen” uses the power…
Media depicts women in a subordinate role in relation to men. Media objectifies hyper-sexualized representations of women in order to appeal to the male viewer. Codes of Gender unveils methods used in photography to perpetuate the idea that females are dehumanized subordinate objectified figures. These codes or methods include various actions, poses, or positions female models are forced to perform. For example, the feminine touch, the bashful knee bend, the head tilt, poses lying down, etc. all of which subordinate the female figure in relation to men. Miss Representation gives a broader view into society’s representation of women within media. The film emphasizes the impossible ideal standard, the hyper-sexualization, the objectification, and scrutinization, women must undergo to achieve any type of success in our current society. Miss Representation focuses on the average viewer, whereas Codes of Gender appeals more to intellectual viewer. Although each film takes a different perspective, both address issues women face in society as represented and visualized through media. One thing is clear; media is directly linked to societal beliefs. In order for one to change, we must address and change the…
Through this essay, I will attempt to examine various codes and character portrayals that contribute to the representation of women within the domain of film fiction. My intention is to review exactly how women are represented and investigate whether fictional characters play a part in perpetuating harmful stereotypes. Laura Mulvey will be intermittently mentioned as a pioneering figure of feminist film theory, her discourse will be applied and challenged within the following pages.…
Is it true to say that the representation of women and femininity has had limited development over the last 25 years… or would it be more accurate to say that these representations have dramatically changed? Has stereotyping become less accurate and more common or has the Romantic Comedy genre developed its representations to break female stereotypes? This investigation aims to explore these questions and, ultimately, to evaluate if the representation of femininity has developed over the last 25 years. Also, to find out to what extent the female role within Romantic Comedy has changed. Exploring the representations of female characters by comparing and contrasting the representation of femininity in the chosen texts; Pretty Woman (1990) directed…
I was not able to attend a live jazz performance due to my work schedule, so instead I watched a performance of my favorite jazz artist Nina Simone on Youtube. In this video she performed “Ain’t Got No, I Got Life” in London, 1968. I chose Nina Simone because I felt that whenever I watch her performances on Youtube I get the feeling that I’m actually there, watching her. I’ve never heard this song before watching this video.…
Beauvoir discusses love in relation to sexual difference. She also discusses the difference between authentic and inauthentic love. What differences between women and men's experiences of love does she discuss? How does she think the problems of love can be rectified?…
De Beauvoir’s “Woman as Other” lays out an elaborate argument on gender inequality; using the term “other” to establish woman’s alternate, lesser important role throughout her work, the author dissects and examines from its origin the female’s secondary position in society in contrast to man. Indeed, from the beginning of recorded history, the duality of man, by definition, positions woman at the opposing end of the spectrum in relation to her male counterpart. Even by today’s modern and accepting standards, the female suffers under the brand of being the sub-standard half of the duality equation; compared to her male opponent, women are paid lower wages, have fewer and limited expression of rights, achieve lower educations, have greatly reduced access to opportunities and resources and lead a diminished role in decision making responsibilities. Only in the last century woman gained the right to vote in this country, thus marking the beginning of her liberation, but one hundred years later woman’s plight for equal status with man has improved only marginally. Discrimination against the female gender in the form of gender-based violence, economic discrimination, and the continued practice of harmful traditional customs remains the most omnipresent and invasive type of inequality.…
The author Simone de Beauvoir is a woman that discusses the instances of women being oppressed through history in the story "Woman as Other". She talks about how men have been able to maintain dominant roles in virtually all cultures because women have resigned themselves to, instead of rebelling against, their assigned subordinate status. The author states that men fundamentally oppress women by characterizing them, on every level, as the Other, defined exclusively in opposition to men. Throughout the history, man has been given the role of the self-sufficient. In the other hand, a woman has been always characterized as the object of other. The author considers that the woman’s psychological self is socially constructed. Even in today’s 21st…
Simone de Beauvoir talks about women through the eyes of an existentialist in her book The Second Sex. Specifically, de Beauvoir’s views on how woman is “man’s dependent” shows the Subject and the Other relationship, a solution she gives to abolishing the oppression of women is that we need to abandon the idea that women are born feminine, second, weaker and not made, and the responsibility that she puts on herself and women for accepting the roles given to them are all very existentialist ideas.…
Josephine de Beauharnais was the first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte. Josephine was born on June 23rd 1763.She was the daughter of wealthy sugar planter Martinique, in the West Indies. At the age of 17 Josephine married Vicomte Alexandre de Beauharnais. With her marriage to Vicomte Alexandre, Josephine gave birth to a son, Eugène, and a daughter Hortense. During the Reign of Terror Vicomte Alexandre was accused of poorly defending Mainz and was considered an aristocrat, and was sentenced to death. Josephine who was considered too close to the counter-revolutionary financial circles was imprisoned, but five days later was freed due to the death of Maximilien de Robespierre, which led to the fall of Reign of Terror. Soon Josephine was a mistress of Vicomte de Baras, who was a government leader, under whose influence Josephine was able to get back some of her late husband’s property. With her close relationships with Baras, Josephine soon became a leader in Paris. In 1795 Josephine met Napoleon at Baras’ home, where immediately Napoleon fell in love with her. Josephine now a widow and a lonely women, didn’t have anyone to rely on and was in financial debt, so when in 1796 Napoleon proposed marriage Josephine agreed. Josephine’s status in the society was an asset to Napoleon in his climb to power. Two days later after their marriage Napoleon left France to lead an army in Italy. During his campaign in Italy, Napoleon wrote several love letters to Josephine expressing his love to her. It was often reported that during Napoleons time away from France, Josephine had affairs with several men, when rumors of Josephine’s affairs reached Napoleon, he was infuriated and their relationship was never the same, his letters to Josephine were less loving and it is reported that Napoleon had several affairs with women .Napoleon and Josephine did not have any children and by 1809, Napoleon was afraid that he might die with a heir to his throne in his empire,…
For ever subject, there must be an object, “[A]t the moment when man asserts himself as subject and free being, the idea of the Other arises,” de Beauvoir states. She also says, “that while it is natural for humans to understand themselves in opposition to others, this process is flawed when applied to the genders. In defining woman exclusively as Other, man is effectively denying her humanity.” Beauvoir's analysis of sexism is perhaps her most powerful theoretical contribution to feminism. In a society that is sexist, Beauvoir argues, “Man is the universal and woman is the particular; he is the One, she is the Other.” Women only then find themselves to choose between the imprisonment of their femininity and the role of a genderless subject. Beauvoir states, “Man occupies the role of the self, or subject; woman is the object, the other. He is essential, absolute, and transcendent. She is inessential, incomplete, and mutilated. He extends out into the world to impose his will on it, whereas woman is doomed to immanence, or inwardness. He creates, acts, invents; she waits for him to save her. With that being said, Beauvoir vainly writes against the attempts at ruling how women…
A well-known writer thanks to her novels but also thanks to her relationship with Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir is one of the most famous novelist and feminist of the last century. Most of her novels, among whom She Came To Stay (1943) and Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (1958) treated the main subject of finding one's place in the world, more precisely in society. Yet, the novel which, until today, creates debates and provokes reactions is The Second Sex which she wrote in 1949 and which is still considered as "a profound analysis of women's role in society". What are the different points she develops in order to make her readers understand that society should change? Why, 46 years after the publication of the novel, can we say that she was right or wrong?…