Sjobloo Research Paper

Belgium become an independent country not before than 1830 and by law was a neutral country. Therefore, it could not participate in adventures along with the big powers such as Britain and France. Although the Belgian people were not enthusiastic, king Leopold was desperate to make an Empire out of Belgium; his philosophy was that no country is complete without overseas possessions, more precisely, colonies. He did not want Belgium to be left behind the other European countries who had colonies in Africa. Leopold felt pushed out by Britain and France, and the growing power of Germany. When Leopold heard of the American explorer Henry Stanley who had completed several expeditions in Congo, he hired him as his agent and between 1880 and 1884, Stanley established several trading stations, mostly in the lower Congo, and got local natives to sign agreements, not knowing they were giving away their land to Leopold. The area Stanley was able to get consisted of nearly 905,000 square miles. At the beginning, King Leopold gained ownership over Congo mostly
because of the disinterest of the major powers of Europe. Leopold put Stanley mission to further explore Congo. Nevertheless, Stanley's true mission was to establish Belgian sovereignty along the river's south bank and create monopoly control over rubber and ivory trade. King Leopold proceeded in great secrecy, living the impression that he was engaged in a philanthropic enterprise. Leopold's justifications were of missionary nature, such as civilizing the natives of Congo and protecting their rights, scientific exploration, establishment of legal trade, and war against Arabs who were slave traders in that area. By bribes, Leopold got recognition for Congo in 1884 by the United States and thereafter by France. In 1885, by bilateral agreements at the Berlin conference, he drown out the boundaries for this enormous colony. At the Berlin Conference, Leopold claimed to a huge piece of Congo, about eighty times bigger than Belgium, and formally declared Congo Free State in 1885 with himself as the only owner. Once his ownership of Congo was secured, the rubber production started with big swing. The demand for rubber was great (for tires and other products) and Congo was extremely rich in such vines. The goal was to extract as much natural rubber as possible before organized cultivation took over the market. The astronomical profits saved Leopold's colonial empire. Leopold was probably one of the richest among European leaders, but he could not afford to expend richness of Congo, he needed to extract them. He set a brutal colonial regime to maximize profitability. The Belgians ruled Congo in an inhuman and brutal way. Between five and fifteen million African natives were killed in Belgian Congo during Leopold's rule. Some people witnessed about horror in Congo during that time.
Edward Sjoblom, who was a missionary, arrived in Congo in 1892 and wrote about his experiences. He was traveling by steamship to choose a adequate location for a mission station. On his very first day of journey, he witnessed a torturing with a hippo hide whip. The white men on the boat agreed that only the whip can civilize the black people. The British Consul in Congo, Roger Casement, created a report in 1903 in which he wrote how natives of Congo were being systematically massacred, whipped and executed for not producing enough rubber. Joseph Conrad, who was a merchant seaman on Congo river, published his novel "Heart of Darkness" in 1902. He wrote about ivory trader named Kurtz and his brutal actions, such as stabbing heads of natives on poles. The novel was like an awakening of consciousness for people who did not know what disasters was Leopold
doing. Established in England in 1904 with an American branch created later the same year, the Congo Reform Association had support from influential people in both countries, such as Arthur Conan Doyle in England, and Mark Twain in the United States. Although established to protest against brutal colonial regime, the organization was not against imperialism. Its suggested solutions to the crisis in Congo included international intervention, including the dividing of Congo among other European powers. Mark Twain names Leopold the slayer of 15 million natives of Congo and a "greedy, grasping, bloodthirsty old goat". The scandals grew so great that in 1908 the Belgian parliament forced Leopold to relinquish his private colony and hand it over to Belgium. Congo had become the most notorious of all European colonies in Africa for inhumanity and brutality. During that time, the demand for rubber decreased, and new producers that were cheaper, such as Latin America, stepped on the scene.