By: Daniel P. Mannix and Malcolm Cowley The Middle Passage, a common slave trade route in the late 1700’s, is one of the most horrific icons in world history. This article, written by Daniel Mannix and Malcolm Cowley, gives great information concerning how the slaves got there, the treatment of the slaves, slave behavior, and the voyages. In contrast to popular opinion, the majority of slaves brought to America were sold by other Africans, not captured by Europeans. Many of the tribes in Africa’s economy depended souly on the slave trade to provide income. Slaves could have gotten on the ship by committing juvenile crimes like stealing to being sold by their own families for a profit. The main source of slaves, though, was…
People in power often dictate recordings of history, but the Atlantic slave trade found an exception to this pattern. Documents from both enslavers and enslaved of this time regarding management of captives provide an insight on the treatment of slaves in the middle passage. Data from both parties clearly illustrates slave trading as a massive industry, and one where enslavers valued efficiency over the well-being of captives to garner the maximum possible profit. Conditions illustrated in these primary documents two and three demonstrate the extremely poor quality of life which slaves faced at the hands of clearly apathetic enslavers within the middle passage.…
Gary Nash’s “Black people in a white people’s country” is an article that provides us with insight into the overall development of the international slave trade and slavery of West Africa beginning in the late fifteenth century and continuing. The economic influences, impact of the stages of transport on the slave ships especially that of the “middle passage”, and the impact on white or the Europeans society as African slavery became not only more prominent but also more institutionalized in the Americas.…
“The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us.” (p.171) The extreme lack of room just described is only one of the terrible conditions in which slaves were kept in transport; just like barn animals would be kept. These people were truly treated like garbage and were extremely disrespected as basic human beings. In fact, “Estimates for the total number of Africans imported to the New World by the slave trade range from 25 million to 50 million; of these, perhaps as many as half died at sea during the Middle Passage experience.”…
Before this weeks study I knew the Atlantic slave trade had a wide reach but the slave trade database brought my understanding to a new level. An unfathomable number of lives were loss and families torn about by lowering a human being to nothing more than an animal or property. The lives of the slaves were seen as disposable and many did not even survive the voyage by sea. Through our study of the Trans-Atlantic database I was able to learn how far the slave trade stretched and the number of human beings were taken and imprisoned to work while being tortured mentally and physically against their will paints a bleak picture of what this period in history was like by mans moral standards. “It is difficult to believe in the first decade of the twenty-first century that just over two centuries ago, for those European’s who thought about the issue, the shipping of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic was morally indistinguishable from shipping textiles, wheat, or even sugar.” (Eltis,…
“Captives who survived evacuation from their interior points of capture experienced a new set of psychological and physical trauma at the coasts, where they saw the sea, huge slave ships, and white people for the first time.” (Robertson) It is estimated that between 9 to 11 million people died before the voyages to the Americas (“How Many People Were Taken From Africa?”). The Africans had to endure many hardships throughout their trip to the Americas and some did not make it. The trek to the coast is considered to be more brutal than the voyage across the Middle Passage (“The Abolition of British Slavery”). Many people know about the slavery in America, but many do not know about the treatment and after effects of the slave trade at the source.…
The article, The Horrors of a Slave Ship, is first person point of view account of the capturing of Olaudah Equiano. He tells the story of how he was captured from his home while his parents were away to be used as a slave. The article starts off with Olaudah and his sister being captured while their parents were away. They were taken into the woods, tied up, and forced to travel bound without food. After many days of traveling, Olaudah and his sister were separated. From that point he was passed around and finally landed in the hands of his first owner. His first owner was a smith and Olaudah worked in his shop. He was there for about a month before he started trying to figure out how to escape. Toward the end of his time with this master, Olaudah was given the freedom to go with the maidens to get water. With this freedom he figured out which way his father’s house was and plotted his escape.…
People of the African continent were transported to the New World with a sole purpose: enslavement. Between 1501 and 1866 over 12.5 million Africans were taken from their homeland to be enslaved across the Atlantic.1 The Middle Passage, as the journey is often called, brutally took many lives before ships arrived at their destination, killing approximately 1.8 million slaves-to-be. Of the 10.7 million Africans who survived the dreadful journey, only about 400.000 were taken directly to North America. There awaited them a life of poverty, coercion and hard labor.…
Throughout African Americans enslavement there were many resists and revolts, slaves wanted freedom and abolition to slavery. Many slaves rebelled, revolted, and did everything they possibly could to be free from their masters. Slaves like Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner, Charles Deslondes, and many more have revolted, rebelled, and conspired to abolish slavery. The enslaved African Americans revolted either individually or in groups to fight for their freedom. Slaves in the U.S were very persistent and used many different strategies to rebel and revolt.…
The Atlantic Slave Trade lasted some 300 years and with it brought about 12.5 million slaves out of Africa. Out of that 12.5 million, about 10.7 million were shipped to the Americas. Although there were only about 6 percent of African captives who were sent directly to British North America, by 1825, the United States already had a quarter of blacks in the New World (Gilder Lehrman Institute). Revolts almost always ended in casualties or torture carried out by the ship crew. (Marcum and Skarbek, 2014). The Middle Passage was its own form of torture. The conditions on the boats were almost unlivable, with the slaves packed closely together and kept naked. On each trip, about 12% of the slaves who embarked did not survive (Gilder Lehrman Institute).…
The transatlantic slave trade was the largest horrific forced migration of Africans from their homelands to western hemisphere from 15th to 19th Century. Over twelve million men, women and children became the victim of this extreme exploitation. It was one of the terrific assaults in the human history which greatly influenced Africa’s Political and economic state. The purpose of the slave trade was to obtain profit and goods from European traders .Europeans used the slaves for plantations in Americas and also imported them to Brazil.…
While some may assume that any African could be subjected to slavery, there were usually specific circumstances that resulted in their enslavement. The majority of slaves, both those in Africa and those sold to different countries, were victims of wars between African tribes. For the losing sides of these quarrels, a future of bondage was almost definite. “While no enemy was left standing in the outside world, the conquered enemies were left to serve in Africa” (Africans did not sell their own people into slavery).…
Experimental theatre or avant garde theatre was a big deal in the 1960s because of the social, political, and economical issues at that time. One of these major issues at that time was the African American equality movement. Amiri Baraka, a poet and dramatist, focuses on this topic in his works. One of his most famous works, Slave Ship, is a one-act play that is the epitome of experimental theatre. It uses the elements of collapse of boundaries and randomness to make the audience feel uncomfortable and confused.…
The Middle Passage was the system set up as a form of triangular trade that forced millions of innocent humans from their homes in Africa, and forced them to become slaves as part of the Atlantic slave trade. These people were essentially traded as slaves for materials, food, supplies etc. Many of the enslaved Africans were shipped to the Caribbean and the Americas. The Middle Passage route began in Europe where they left with the manufactured goods and headed to Africa. The goods were then traded for the slaves, and then the ships set off for the Americas and Caribbean islands (Stoddard). After the trading was done there the ships would return back to Europe. According to Elizabeth Mancke, and Carole Shammas authors of, “The Creation of the British Atlantic World,” they write, “An estimated 15% of the Africans died at sea, with mortality rates considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships. The total number of African deaths directly attributable to the Middle Passage voyage is estimated at up to two million; a broader look at African deaths directly attributable to the institution of slavery from 1500 to 1900 suggests up to four million African deaths.” Historian Lisa Vox expounds on the origin of slavery in North America in her article “The Start of Slavery in North America.” Vox states…
Money is the fuel, the pursuits to the things we need like food, education, medicine, and our well-being. We as human beings want and desire those things which are far from our grips, but are only attainable with the exchange of money. In this case acquiring items like guns and other goods, the exchange is not of money, but humans. People do imaginable things to acquire it by lying, stealing, and even murder. The start of The story of slavery as a result of lust, greed, and gain all began after the voyage of Christopher Columbus discovery of the new world. He saw what the land had to offer which was a wealth of …that needed more laborers which were the natives to manage it than the land had to offer at the time. And that’s how the need for African slaves was introduced into the New World. By the beginning of the 18th century, black slaves could be found in every New World area colonized by Europeans, from Nova Scotia to Buenos Aires. It was not the Europeans intentions to use black people as the primary source for labor in the 18th century, because the Europeans needed more people to raise crops, clear forests, and mine precious metals. In every New World colony, Europeans experimented with Indian slavery, convict labor, and white indentured servants. The Europeans turned to Africans mainly because there were so many of them. When the Europeans arrived at the New World they brought with them rampant diseases that reduced the native population. As a result there were not enough natives laborers to keep up with the work that needed to be done. Initially, English colonists relied on indentured white servants rather than on black slaves, because half the immigrants were convicts or indentured servants. As late as 1640, there were probably only 150 blacks in Virginia (the colony with the highest black population), and in 1650, 300. But by 1680, the number had risen to 3,000 and by 1704, to 10,000. Faced by a shortage of white indentured…