FINAL REPORT
Ivica Stevanovi´, Anja Skrivervik and Juan R. Mosig c January 2003
Laboratoire d’Electromagn´tisme et d’Acoustique e Ecole Polytechnique F´d´rale de Lausanne e e CH-1015 Lausanne Suisse http://lemawww.epfl.ch/
ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE
Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Evolution from Omnidirectional to Smart Antennas 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 4 5 5 8 8 10 14 17 17 19 20 21 23 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 28
Omnidirectional Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Directional Antennas and Sectorized Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diversity Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Smart Antenna Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 Catalogue of definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relative Benefits/Tradeoffs of Switched Beam and Adaptive Array Systems . . Smart Antenna Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 System Elements of a Smart Antenna 2.1 2.2 2.3 Smart Antenna Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smart Antenna Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fundamentals of Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 2.3.2 Theoretical model for an antenna array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Array geometry and element spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Channel Model 3.1 3.2 Mean Path Loss
Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 3.2.2 Slow fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fast fading . . . . . . .
Bibliography: [49] P. H. Lehne, O. Rostbakken, and M. Pettersen. Estimating Smart Antenna Performance from Directional Radio Channel Measurements. Proc. 50th IEEE Vehic. Tech. Conf. - VTC 99 - Fall, pages 57–61, September 1999. Amsterdam, Netherlands. [50] G. V. Tsoulos, M. A. Beach, and S. C. Swales. DS-CDMA Capacity Enhancement with Adaptive Antennas. Electronic Letters, 13(16):1319–20, August 1995. OFCOM Activity. Smart Antenna Systems for Mobile Communications