Soc Study Guide

Gender, Health and Development o Dowry- o Money or property given by a bride’s family to a groom and his family for marrying a daughter o Banned by law under 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act (never seriously enforced) o In India average dowry paid to groom/family is 1.2 million • Dowry Death Dowry Death- A groom and his family kill a bride because of a dowry dispute o In 2010 there were 8,391 official cases of dowry death in India • Bride Price- A groom’s family pays a bride’s family for their loss of “workforce” If groom’s family does not have enough money then bride kidnapping may occur

 Grassroots Development- Grassroots Development (Kiva – micro-loans for business development)  Grameen Bank- Started in 1983 (by Muhammad Yunus)
 Provides micro-loans to poor people to start their own business (e.g. lime-making, garment-sewing, weaving, etc.)
 94% of borrowers are women
 Collective borrower responsibility • Nurse Drain- Nurse drain due to the West’s nurse shortage. West Stealing nurses from other countries ex Africa and offering to pay them more money • Medical Tourism- traveling to another country for medical procedures Why is medical tourism expanding rapidly? o U.S. health care inflation o 45 million Americans are uninsured. Many more are under-insured
 “Medical Refugees”- these people who travel to other countries because they can’t afford it in the United States o Improvement of quality at hospitals in developing nations (in part due to privatization)
• Is it a new form of colonialism? “medical colonialism” (yes according to dependency theory)

• Hierarchical Diffusion - The Spread of Aids o Hierarchical diffusion vs. Spatially contiguous diffusion o AIDS takes a form of hierarchical diffusion jumping from travel hub to travel hub. Distance does not matter AIDS jumps from travel hub to travel hub. o Spatially Contiguous Diffusion- diffusion by a person from one area traveling to another and spreading AIDS. (ripple effect when you drop a rock in a pond) Closer to hub is more likely of crisis. 4 major sources of spread of AIDS. Business, War, tourism, labor migration

Understand three economic conditions of women, identified by the United Nations in 1995.
• 1995 U.N. Conference on Women (Beijing) o Women do 2/3 of the world’s work o Women earn 1/10 of the world’s income o Women own 1/100 of the world’s property

• Which nation has the highest percentage of female representation in its elected national political positions? World Record is 56% women in Rwanda in 2009 45/80

What is behind the practice of female infanticide?
• Female Infanticide- Intentional killing of baby girls due to son preference o Rationales for female infanticide
 Better than condemning them for life time misery
 Economic Burden (dowry)
 Myth of sacrifice for a son from next pregnancy

What is the local custom of Kyrgyzstan, as depicted in the video?

What are four focuses in the 1978 WHO’s “Global Health Campaign”? Which of the four focuses improved most? Why has the world NOT sufficiently improved in the other three focuses?
 4 Focuses
i. Clean Water and Sanitation
b. Immunization
i. Basic Nutrition
c. Training of Primary Health Care Workers
 Immunization has been most improved overall the other 3
 Goals have not been met
 In many areas, conditions are getting worse
 Due to SAPs and population growth and funding cuts for health care workers

Understand the urban-rural differences in the access to clean water and safe sanitation.
 Clean Water and Sanitation
• In the TW, 25% of urban dwellers and 71% of rural dwellers do not have access to clean drinking water.
• In the TW, 47% of urban dwellers and 87% of rural dwellers live without safe sanitation
• Conditions worsened due to rapid population growth and SAPs.

Understand four facts about the AIDS crisis, as stressed in class.
• AIDS Crisis Facts o 38.2 million people are living with HIV/AIDS today (official identified number, there is probably more) o AIDS is the number one cause of death in Africa since 1999 o 90%+ of HIV positives live in the 3rd World o South Africa is the most infected in number (5.7 million) o Nigeria is second (2.6 million)

What happened to Botswana’s life expectancy between 1955 and 2005? Why did it happen? o 1955 43 yrs o 1975 53.2 yrs o 1995 44.4 yrs (declined due to SAP’s) o 2005 33.7 yrs (declined due to AIDS crisis) o 2008 61.8 yrs (AIDS crisis not as severe)

Understand four major patterns of people’s movement that contributed to the spread of AIDS. o Tourism
 Prostitution “sex tours”
 In Thailand, 10% of females (15-24 yrs old) are “commercial sex workers) o Business
 Business trips to Caribbeans, Asia, Africa---- contact with AIDS
 Truckers: Studies on nations (Uganda, Sudan, Mozambique) consistently document that 50+% of randomly selected truckers are HIV positive o Labor Migration
 SAPs, Industrialization
• Male solitary urban migration
• Prostitution
• Return to villages and spread AIDS in rural areas o War
 Soldiers tend to be young and single. Often times rape takes place
• More important to emphasis prevention of AIDS than treatment

Ethnic Conflict
Race- a category of individuals based on physical characteristics
Ethnicity- functions as a source of pride, shame, conduct, security, pain and mobilization and often dominates all other identities • Precipitating Event- Sociology’s Stance: We need to understand social conditions that activate collective memory (ancient hatred)
• Some major social conditions o Leadership- leaders solidify their groups (and their own power) through ethnic conflict o Resource competition o Culture o International intervention o Precipitating Events Janjaweed- Janjaweed (Arab militiamen)

Push Factor- things that push immigrants out of their country
Pull Factor- things that pull people to move to other countries
 International Migration
• Push – Pull Factors
 Causes of Migration
• Economic – Wage difference employment opportunity
• Political – refugee
• Cultural – lifestyle desires

Understand the major social conditions that lead to ethnic conflict.
• Some major social conditions o Leadership- leaders solidify their groups (and their own power) through ethnic conflict o Resource competition o Culture o International intervention o Precipitating Events

Understand the history of Rwanda comprehensively, from German colonialism to the 1994 Genocide (Make sure to cover both political and economic processes).
• Rwanda: Colonialism led to Ethnic Conflict
• Hutu (85% of the population) and Tutsi (14%) o Same language, culture, religion and intermarriage
• 1899 German Colonialism o Scientific racism to use a single group to serve as their proxy (Germany decided Tutsi were better than Hutu even though they were basically the same. Used Tutsi as proxy to Hutu) o Tutsi were taller and closer to European appearance
 Tutsi Superiority
• 1916 Belgian Takeover of Rwanda o Belgians issued mandatory identity cards Systematic favorable treatment of Tutsi o Tutsi educational, economic, and political advancement o Reinforcement of Tutsi superiority
• Belgian Missionaries: equality, progress for all. Helped Hutu obtain education
• 1959 Hutu Rebellion: requested power sharing and killed 20,000 Tutsi
• 1962 Rwanda Independence: Hutu gained control
• 1990 Tutsi refugees formed Rwandan Patriotic Front and returned to request power sharing
• 1993 President signed an agreement of power sharing
• 1994 April: President dies in plane crash, precipitated the genocide by extreme Hutus against Tutsi and moderate Hutus (killed 800,000- 1 million in 13 weeks)
• Economic Contexts of Rwandan Genocide o 1980s Collapse of world market prices for tin and coffee o Economic Crisis, Debt in the 1980s (led to SAP’s) o Legitimacy Crisis, strengthening of radical factions o Mobilization of ethnic hatred
 Attribution of economic misery to Tutsi return migration and demand for equality

Understand the history of Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict. What are some major similarities between Rwanda’s ethnic conflict and Sri Lanka’s?
• Ethnic Conflict Sri Lanka
• Sinhalese (74% of population) vs. Tamils (12%)
• Until Sri Lanka independence in 1948, Tamils (mostly Hindu) governed Sri Lanka as a proxy for the British
• After independence, Sinhalese (mostly Buddhist) took control and oppressed Tamils
• In the 1970s Tamils requested for secession, which was denied. The militant group Tamil Tigers became more active
• In 1983, 13 government soldiers were killed by Tamil Tigers, marking the start of full scale civil war
• In 2002 cease-fire agreement was made (64,000 deaths since 1983), but since 2004, violent encounters resumed
• January 2008 Government pulled out of the 2002 cease fire agreement and started a massive military campaign to destroy the Tamil Tigers
• May 2009 Government captured the last patch of Tamil Tiger territory and declared total victory

Understand the processes that led to the genocide in Sudan.
 Darfur, Sudan
 Arabs (nomadic herders) vs. Africans (farmers)
 1980s and 1990s
 Persistent drought
• Less land for grazing
• Encroached on farmland (turf dispute)
• Africans grew sick of Khartoum indifference
 April, 2003 – Sudanese Liberation Army (African rebels)
• Killed 75 Sudanese government soldiers and kidnapped the air force chief as protest against governments neglect of Darfur Africans
• Sudan government commissioned Darfur Arabs to put down insurgency
 Janjaweed (Arab militiamen)
• 10-12 men on horses swoop into villages, killing not only SLA rebels but many Africans
 2 million refugees (200,000 to Chad) 180,000 deaths
 April, 2004 – African Union mediated a cease-fire agreement
 2004-2008
 Starvation: the primary killer
 Continuing violence spilling into border camps and into Chad
 3/09
 The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for President of Sudan on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur
 The first time the sitting head of the state was indicated by the Court).
 Sudanese government refused to acknowledge the Court’s jurisdiction and threatened to track down any Sudanese who cooperated with the court.

What was the social conditions, major events, and processes that culminated in the black-Korean conflict in the 1992 Los Angeles riot? (Comprehensively understand political, economic and cultural conditions and events in Korea and the U.S. from 1961 to 1992, as lectured in class.) ESSAY QUESTION***

• 1961 S Korea o Park Chung Hee Leader of S Korea o U.S. grant was given to industrialize Korea o Korean Policy: Industrialization frenzy o Farmers Get Short changed and there is Price control of Rice: causes migration to urban areas
• 1965 U.S. Immigration Act o Eliminated Quota system and changed to preferential system o if you have family here you get preference, o some countries get political refugee benefit o if you have special skills ex nurses needed, language teachers
• 1965 Watts Riot o Tension between cultural differences Korean owned stores in predominately black neighborhoods
 Most notable cultural difference exchange of money. Korean culture is to put money on table blacks viewed this as Koreans are racist and didn’t want to touch them
• Latasha Harlins: 15 year old black girl shot in Korean store for shop lifting orange juice
• 4/1992 L.A. Riots o 1991 Rodney King (black guy)- “Resisted arrest” and was unfairly beat by police officers. Someone caught it on tape. o 3/1992 The officers were found not guilty
4/1992
o Korean owned stores in L.A. were destroyed
•

Contemporary Slavery: Siddharth Kara’s Sex Trafficking

What are the differences between human trafficking and human smuggling?
 Trafficking
 It must contain an element of deception, fraud, or coercion
 Trafficked persons are exploited and not free
 Trafficked persons are victims
 Smuggling
 The person being smuggled knows that they are engaging in an illegal movement
 Smuggled persons are free once they reach the destination
 Smuggled persons are not innocent victims

 How many slaves are there in the world today? 28.4 mill in 2006 What are the features of contemporary slavery According to the U.S. State Department
 $10 billion industry
 Each year, 600K – 800K people are trafficked (18,000 of those are trafficked into the U.S.).
 Highly sophisticated division of labor
 Contractor  Recruiter  Transporter  crew, guide, informant, enforcer  migrants
 Contemporary Slavery
 28.4 million (.4% of the world population)
 Characteristics
 28.4 million: the largest number of slaves to ever live at one point in history
 .4%: the smallest fraction of the human population to be in slavery
 Today’s slaves are not controlled by legal ownership, but by debt, violence, and the abuse of vulnerability
 The number of slaves is increasing today
 Today’s slaves are cheaper and thus disposable
• Slaves in 1850 in the U.S.: $1,000 ($50,000 in today’s value)
• Slaves today: $100

Kara points out that “efforts to combat sex trafficking remain woefully inadequate and misdirected” (p.3). What are four reasons for this inadequacy and misdirection, according to Kara? (p.3, also see Chapter 8)
1. Sex trafficking remains poorly understood,
2. organizations dedicated to stopping sex trafficking are underfunded,
3. laws against sex trafficking are poorly enforced,
4. and a systematic business analysis of the industry, conducted to identify strategic points of intervention has not yet been undertaken

What is Kara’s central argument? (Chapters 1 and 8)
 Economic Globalization  Slavery
 Sex trafficking is a business that has intensified as a result of the economic globalization with unconditional love toward capitalism
 To solve, attack its immense profitability and create “a radical shift in the conduct of economic globalization”

What is the “two-step process in the movement and exploitation of slaves”? (p.11)
First the slave is moved from a rural area into an urban center in the same country, followed by the international transport of a select number of slaves. The purpose of this is to break the slave’s spirit so she would be more accepting of her life as a slave and less likely to try to escape. Slaves are moved from poor areas and countries to richer. Sex slaves are transported by all types of transportation boat, car, plane, walk, etc. They are given fake passports or boarder guards are paid off.

Kara states that “escape is rarely an option for a slave” (p.15). Why is it the case, according to Kara?
 Mechanism of Exploitation
 Why don’t victims escape?
 Debt bondage
• Unpaid debt (culture of shame)
• Impossible to repay
 Isolation
• Removal of ID and other documents
• Illegal status in the nation
• Language
 Physical Detainment and Violence
• Being watched, abused, locked in
 Psychological Pressure (Fear)
• Fear of police
• Fear that “failed escape” will lead to a worse situation
• Normalization
• Fear of reprisals against family
 Issue of Return and Reintegration
• Going home without money
• Shame
• Stigmatization
• Health issues

In Italy, is street prostitution legal? Is brothel legal? Is pimping legal? (Chapter 3)
Street prostitution: Yes there are certain streets where prostitutes wait for men, Brothel is illegal, Pimping is legal as long as the girls are of age because pimps provide “protection” which increases the welfare of the prostitute

What does Kara mean by “the lower per-capita rate of human trafficking to the United States”? (p.183) What factors contributed to it? She means that the annual number of sex trafficking victims to North America is only .9% of the global total and that most of this .9% is not actually used for prostitution but instead for forced agriculture or domestic work. European countries with 1/5 of the population of the U.S. have more sex trafficking victims
The lower per capita rate of human trafficking to the United States: Why?
 Distance from original nations (except Mexico)
 Relatively less corrupt law enforcement
 Trafficking Victims Protection Act

What explains “the smaller ratio of sex trafficking to the United States versus other forms of human trafficking”? (pp.183-184)

 The smaller ratio of sex trafficking to the Unites States versus other forms of human trafficking Why?
 Prostitution is illegal in the U.S. except for Nevada
 Less corruption, more effective law enforcement
 Less demand for sex services (Kara’s subjective assessment) more demand for labor ex agriculture

What is the Trafficking Victims Protection Act? How is it criticized? (pp.193-196)
The act was passed in 2000. The legislation defines “severe forms of trafficking” and stipulates protections for victims and penalties for those who exploit them. Criticized because it excludes cases where acts were not induced by “force, fraud, or coercion.” Demonstrating these qualities is very subjective and if the victim agreed to be a prostitute the case is judged not to be as severe. Second, the act excludes illegal immigrants who fall prey to exploitation once they cross the border (1/3 of the cases)

Calling “the most essential truth of contemporary slave crimes,” Kara claims that “the United States is more responsible than any other nation for the inimical accretion in human exploitation, trafficking, and slavery since the fall of the Berlin Wall” (p.196). What is Kara’s rationale behind this claim? What would be your response to this claim?
US has spent on average only 60 million dollars per year on anti-trafficking efforts since 2001. While 20 billion is spent annually to fight the war on drugs. Kara claims the US is responsible by imposing its brand of market economy on the rest of the world causing increases in poverty, social upheaval, mass migration, and lawlessness. Economic harm caused by the US helped to lead to increased sex trafficking. My response to this would be that it is an unfair claim the US is trying to help itself economically and taking advantage of developing countries will eventually raise the living standards of these countries.

What are strengths and weaknesses of Kara’s book?
 Kara’s Sex Trafficking
 Strengths:
 Informative, well written, awareness raising
 Coverage of many nations
 Informs of pervasiveness of the problem
 Presents an opportunity for comparison
 Personalized presentation of the topic
 Weaknesses:
 Repetitive
 Solutions are highly theoretical and he fails to provide the ways to make them realistic
 Little voice from traffickers, pimps, corrupted police and officials and family members of trafficking victims. So his argument is one-sided and may be biased.