Another way this model suggests that we learn is by operant conditioning, or learning by consequence. If somebody dog a certain behaviour and this is follows by positive reinforcement then they will be more likely to repeat the behaviour. If it is followed by negative reinforcement then they will be less likely to repeat it.…
In Psychology learning is seen as a change in behaviour caused by an experience. Behaviorism, is seen as a learning theory; an attempt to explain how people or animals learn by studying their behaviour. The Behaviourists Approach has two theories to help explain how we learn, Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In this task I will attempt to describe and evaluate this approach.…
As a preceptor, it is important to integrate the learning theories into practice, to develop student’s cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains based on Bloom’s taxonomy (Bloom, 1956). In this stage, different theories were involved, such as cognitive learning theory, behavioral learning theory and social learning theory. Cognitive learning theory focuses on the thought processes and learning is viewed as the acquisition of new information (Goldstein, Naglieri & Devries, 2011). The individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and memorizing the information (Schunk, 2010). However, behavioral learning theory learn though a continual process of stimulating and reinforcing a desired response, eventually the behavior is changed to match the desired response (Bower &Hilgard, 1981). Behavioral learning theory recognizes that learning has taken place by a change in behavior; it regards all behavior as a response to stimulus (Hand, 2006). Behavioral learning theory involves positive and negative reinforcement, which reflects in operant conditioning. Operant conditioning developed by Skinner, emphasized on using positive reinforcement to enhance good performance, or using negative reinforcement to eliminate bad behavior, which leads to achievement of learning…
Subsequently, social learning theory entails that leaders can be regarded by their followers as ethical when they are attractive and credible role models. Hence, Trevino (1986), point out that moral development theory supports social learning theory and it advocates that people are likely to look outside themselves to others for ethical guidance. Similarly Kohlberg, (1969); and Trevino (1986), assert that most individuals seek ethical guidance from other people other than themselves. Brown et al. (2005), further supports social learning since it explains the experiences and consequences of ethical leadership. In addition, social learning theory provides knowledge on how personal characteristics of some leader and situational influences relate…
The social learning theory is supported by Bandura et al., who found that children who observed a model behaviour behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to reproduce the same behaviours when they were later allowed to interact with the doll; the children even improvised their own aggressive actions towards the doll. This was particularly the case when they saw the adult rewarded for their aggressive behaviour, therefore supporting the claim that the expectation of the reward influences the likelihood of a behaviour being performed. Due to these findings Bandura et al., created another experiment, where they divided children into three groups. All three watched a film of an adult model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Group 1 saw an aggressive model who was neither rewarded nor punished for their aggressive behaviour. Group 2 saw an aggressive model who was rewarded for their aggressive behaviour. Finally, group 3 saw an aggressive model who was punished by another model for their aggressive behaviour. The…
As an early childhood educator, this author believes that social learning theory is a sound theory in early childhood education. Social learning theory was proposed by Albert Bandura in 1977 (Cherry, n.d). Bandura believed that children are able to learn new behaviors by observing others (Cherry, n.d. para. 3). Children are very observant and fast learners. Adults might not notice that children observe everything adults do until they see the child performing the learned behavior. Children learn positive and negative behaviors. The social learning theory is a perspective that most educators and parents can easily agree with.…
The scientific experiments that have been used to study people’s behaviour tend to be very reliable due to the evidence that they end up with being based on facts. However, this approach is it does not considered mental processes that can affect an individual’s behaviour. This perspective only focuses on how people learn form their own experience. People like Bandura who introduce social learning approach disagree with this perspective as he believes that people can learn from observing and learning other people’s behaviour and experiences. Furthermore, studies of a wide range of human behaviours have shown that classical and operant conditioning cannot adequately explain how people are able to solve problems without the extended period of trial and error that behaviourism would say is necessary. These findings imply that mental processes must play a part in explaining much human behaviour…
Albert Bandura was a psychologist who came up with what is known as the “Social Cognitive Theory” (“Albert Bandura,” 2015). He believed that two aspects, imitation and operant conditioning, result in social learning. According to Hannum (2005), “Bandura noted that our behavior is changed when we see a person take a specific action and be rewarded for that action”. This is where both operant conditioning and imitation comes in. Operant conditioning is any learning that is established through the use of punishments/behaviors (Cherry, 2015). In order for imitation to be successful, there are elements such as direct and vicarious reinforcements (Lefrancois, 2012, p. 326-327).…
Social learning theory posits that knowledge acquisition is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. In addition to the observation of behaviour, learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as of vicarious reinforcement.…
Bandura and Walters (1963) proposed the social learning theory initially to explain aggression in children, yet they argued it can be readily applied to any behaviour. SLT suggests we acquire new behaviours via observing others, then modelling the observed behaviour. We are more likely to model behaviours if the behaviour is rewarded, via indirect, vicarious reinforcement. We can also learn new behaviours via being reinforced or punished directly. Therefore, learning is a combination of indirect and direct reinforcement, both key aspects of the behaviourist approach.…
OUTLINE AND EVALUATE TWO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOICAL THEORIES OF AGGRESSION The first psychological theory of aggression is the social learning theory. This uses the principles of Bandura’s Bobo Dolls experiment which involved children observing aggressive and non-aggressive adults and then acting themselves. Those in the aggressive condition displayed aggression whilst the other children showed virtually no aggression. The four conditions which have been found to be effective for social learning are: attention; retention; reproduction; and motivation. For social learning observation is inevitably a key aspect, but Bandura suggests that children learn only by observing models with whom they identify and if the model is in a position of power. Bandura also said that social learning requires children to…
In 1898, Edward Thorndike accentuated the strengths and weaknesses of stimulus-response connections with the introduction of the theory of learning. The premise of Thorndike’s research implied that rewards and punishment have distinct yet an equal impact on human behaviors. However, one of the more well-known learning theorists in modern times is B.F. Skinner, who shares comparable behavioral observation as Thorndike, in that behaviors are learned as a consequence of actions. Further testing of this theory, Skinner developed the prominently distinguished Skinner box, which observed animal training and behaviors. Initially, the Skinner box was used to detect the behaviors of rats. A metal bar is positioned in an area of the experimental…
Social learning theory, also known as Social Cognitive Theory, involves the idea of people learning by observing the actions of others and that thought processes in the human brain are of utmost importance to understanding personality. Social learning theory first evolved out of the work and research by N.E. Miller and J. Dollard in 1941. Their beliefs rested on the idea that if humans were motivated to learn a particular behavior, it would be done so by clear observations. By imitating these observed actions the individual observer would establish that learned action would be rewarded through positive reinforcement (Miller & Dollard, 1941). The main principles of the social learning theory were later expanded on by Albert Bandura (1962 to…
The social learning theory suggests that people learn new behaviors through observation of factors in their environment, by taking note of other’s behavior and the consequence of that behavior. Observing a desired result makes the learner more likely to adopt a behavior to seek that result. This does not necessarily mean that the learner needs a direct experience to learn, but rather just taking notice of another’s behavior they can learn by what happens to that person (Bastable, 2008).…
I believe that to improve our Correctional Facilities, we need to apply Social Learning Theory & Behavioral Therapy. Social learning theory is a perspective that states that people learn within a social context. Social learning theory talks about how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior. It focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. Social learning theory has been applied extensively to the understanding of aggression and psychological disorders. Even though this theory hasn’t yet been used in correctional facilities around the US, I believe that I would have good out comes. Social learning theory is used in many ways in everyday life, the most common examples of social learning situations are television commercials. Behavioral therapy is a form of therapy rooted in the principles of behaviorism. The school of thought known as behaviorism is focused on the idea that we learn from our environment. In behavioral therapy, the goal is to reinforce desirable behaviors and eliminate unwanted or maladaptive ones. Behavior Therapy Based on Classical Conditioning & Based on Operant Conditioning. Classical conditioning is one way to alter behavior, and a number of techniques exist that can produce such change. Originally known as behavior modification, this type of therapy is often referred to today as applied behavior analysis. Operant Conditioning has many behavior techniques rely on the principles of operant conditioning, which means that they utilize reinforcement, punishment, shaping, modeling, and related techniques to alter behavior. These methods have the benefit of being highly focused, which means that they can produce fast and effective results. We should also bringing work back into prisons can benefit prisoners by teaching…