solid states
SOLID STATE
MARKS = 04
SOLID STATE
A solid is that form of matter that possesses a definite shape and a definite volume. There are two types of solids: Crystalline solids: Solids with a definite geometric pattern and are anisotropic in nature. Examples: Iron, copper, silver, sulphur etc. are some elements which form crystalline solids. Potassium chloride, sodium nitrate etc are some of the compounds, which are crystalline. Amorphous solids: Solids with particles not arranged in a regular fashion.
They have only short range order or even the particles are disordered in some cases. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature.
Crystalline solids can be further classified depending on the nature of the bonding as: 1. Ionic 2. Molecular 3. Covalent 4. Metallic
Classification of Crystalline solids:
S.No.
Types of solid
Constituent Particles
Nature of forces
Examples
1
Ionic solids
Positive and Negative ions
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
LiF, KCl, KNO3, BaSO4
2
Molecular solids
Molecules
Van der Waal’s forces.
Dipole interactions.
Hydrogen bonding
I2, CO2 (solid), HCl, Ice
3
Covalent solids
Atoms
Covalent bonds
Diamond, Silicon
4
Metallic solids
Positive metal ions (Kernels) and mobile electrons
Metallic bonds
All metals and some alloys
Space Lattice and Unit Cell
The constituent particles of a crystalline solid are arranged in a definite fashion in the three dimensional space. One such arrangement by representing the particles with points is shown below:
Crystal Lattice: A regular arrangement of the constituent particles of a crystal in a three dimensional space is called crystal lattice or space lattice.
Unit cell: The smallest three-dimensional portion of a complete space lattice, which when repeated over and again in different directions produces the complete space
MARKS = 04
SOLID STATE
A solid is that form of matter that possesses a definite shape and a definite volume. There are two types of solids: Crystalline solids: Solids with a definite geometric pattern and are anisotropic in nature. Examples: Iron, copper, silver, sulphur etc. are some elements which form crystalline solids. Potassium chloride, sodium nitrate etc are some of the compounds, which are crystalline. Amorphous solids: Solids with particles not arranged in a regular fashion.
They have only short range order or even the particles are disordered in some cases. Amorphous solids are isotropic in nature.
Crystalline solids can be further classified depending on the nature of the bonding as: 1. Ionic 2. Molecular 3. Covalent 4. Metallic
Classification of Crystalline solids:
S.No.
Types of solid
Constituent Particles
Nature of forces
Examples
1
Ionic solids
Positive and Negative ions
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction
LiF, KCl, KNO3, BaSO4
2
Molecular solids
Molecules
Van der Waal’s forces.
Dipole interactions.
Hydrogen bonding
I2, CO2 (solid), HCl, Ice
3
Covalent solids
Atoms
Covalent bonds
Diamond, Silicon
4
Metallic solids
Positive metal ions (Kernels) and mobile electrons
Metallic bonds
All metals and some alloys
Space Lattice and Unit Cell
The constituent particles of a crystalline solid are arranged in a definite fashion in the three dimensional space. One such arrangement by representing the particles with points is shown below:
Crystal Lattice: A regular arrangement of the constituent particles of a crystal in a three dimensional space is called crystal lattice or space lattice.
Unit cell: The smallest three-dimensional portion of a complete space lattice, which when repeated over and again in different directions produces the complete space