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1. Allele-One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
Example: Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes, that is, they are diploid
Example: Allelic variation at a locus is measurable as the number of alleles present, or the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. 2. Gene-A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Example: Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring,
Example: All organisms have many genes corresponding to various biological traits, some of which are immediately visible, such as eye color or number of limbs 3. Genotype-The genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Example: Non-hereditary DNA mutations are not classically understood as representing the individual's genotype
Example: a genotype typically implies a measurement of how an individual differs or is specialized within a group of individuals or a species 4. Phenotype-The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Example: Not all organisms with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and developmental conditions.
Example: Phenotypic variation is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection 5. Punnett square-The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
Example: The Punnett Square is visual representation of Mendelian inheritance.
Example: is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring's having a particular genotype 6. Dominant-Relating to or denoting heritable characteristics that are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring even when inherited from only one parent
Example: Most multicellular organisms have two sets of chromosomes, that is, they are diploid
Example: Allelic variation at a locus is measurable as the number of alleles present, or the proportion of heterozygotes in the population. 2. Gene-A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Example: Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring,
Example: All organisms have many genes corresponding to various biological traits, some of which are immediately visible, such as eye color or number of limbs 3. Genotype-The genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Example: Non-hereditary DNA mutations are not classically understood as representing the individual's genotype
Example: a genotype typically implies a measurement of how an individual differs or is specialized within a group of individuals or a species 4. Phenotype-The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Example: Not all organisms with the same genotype look or act the same way because appearance and behavior are modified by environmental and developmental conditions.
Example: Phenotypic variation is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection 5. Punnett square-The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
Example: The Punnett Square is visual representation of Mendelian inheritance.
Example: is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring's having a particular genotype 6. Dominant-Relating to or denoting heritable characteristics that are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring even when inherited from only one parent