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Spoken Language

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Spoken Language
English essay The way in which we speak now has developed noticeably over the years from the way in which we use to fifty years ago so much so that it has almost entirely become another language. During the course of this essay i will be analysing the spoken language between both the liverpodlian teacher, student interview and the Lancastrian teenagers’ exchange of ideas by commenting on how they both use linguistic devices such as fillers, Standard English, modern slang, power and dominance; how they adapt their language to suit different situations and exploring why they do so. In the Lancastrian transcript an informal tone of voice is used amongst the teenagers signifying that they are friends who are verbally free with one another. The fact that they do not change the way in which they talk is due to the informality of the situation. Throughout this transcript there is no clear purpose as the topic selection seems to be spontaneous; from this I can infer that they are having an organic conversation in order to engage their target audience. Although the obvious target audience for this transcript are teenagers, adults are also aimed at through the lack of colloquial language and use of fillers. In the liverpodlian transcript a formal tone of voice is used amongst the student and teacher indicating a sign if intelligence. The fact that the student formally adapts their spoken language is to suit the situation of an interview making her appear well educated and elegant. The purpose of this transcript was for the teacher to inform and entertain the listeners on how teenagers use to live back in the days without developed technology. In transcript 5 a well-built personal relationship between the teens is portrayed. Implying that they are comfortable and used to one another’s company. Through the use of pause we can tell that there’s a great understanding amongst the teens. An example of this is when T says “I’ve got stuff

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    References: Agha, A. (2003). The social life of a cultural value. Language and communication 23: 231-73. Anttila, A. and Y.-m. Y. Cho (1998). Variation and change in optimality theory. Lingua 104(12): 31-56. Bakhtin, M. (1981). The dialogic imagination. Austin, University of Texas Press. Bell, A. (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society 13: 145-204. Bell, A. (2001). Back in style: Reworking audience design. Style and sociolinguistic variation. P. Eckert and J. R. Rickford. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 139-69. Benor, S. (2001). Sounding learned: The gendered use of /t/ in Orthodox Jewish English. Penn working papers in linguistics: Selected papers from NWAV 2000. Bod, R., J. Hay, et al. (2003). Probabilistic Linguistics. Cambridge, MIT Press. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Bourdieu, P. (1977). The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social Science Information 16(6): 645-68.…

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    Bibliography: (Unsigned) 1997 Review of John Honey, Language Is Power 102 in The Economist 27 September 1997 BURCHFIELD R.W. 1996 ed. Fowler 's Modern English Usage (3rd edn.). O.U.P., Oxford CRYSTAL David 1973 Linguistics Penguin, Harmondsworth [1971] CRYSTAL David 1975 "Style: the varieties of English" 246/288 in BOLTON Whitney F. The English Language Sphere, London CUTTS Martin 1995 The Plain English Guide O.U.P., Oxford GREENBAUM Sidney and WHITCUT Janet 1989 Longman Guide to English Usage Longman, London [1988] HONEY John 1997 Language is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies Faber and Faber, London MARCUS Greil 1997 The Dustbin of History Picador, London [1995] MORRIS William 1993 News From Nowhere Penguin, Harmondsworth [1890] PALMER F.R. 1975 "Language and Languages" 12/37 in BOLTON Whitney F. The English Language Sphere, London QUIRK Randolph and GREENBAUM Sidney 1992 A Student 's Grammar of the English Language Longman. London [1990] RUSHDIE Salman 1982 Shame Picador, London [1981]. TOSI Arturo 2001 Language and society in a changing Italy Multilingual Matters, Clevedon (England) TWAIN Mark 1985 Huckleberry Finn Harmondsworth: Penguin [1884]. WILLIAMS Raymond 1977 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana: London [1976]…

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