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Sport Activities Should Be Made Compulsory for All University Student

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Sport Activities Should Be Made Compulsory for All University Student
Television Viewing and Long-Term Weight Maintenance: Results from the National Weight Control Registry
Douglas A. Raynor,* Suzanne Phelan,† James O. Hill,‡ and Rena R. Wing†
Abstract RAYNOR, DOUGLAS A., SUZANNE PHELAN, JAMES O. HILL, AND RENA R. WING. Television viewing and long-term weight maintenance: results from the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity. 2006;14:1816 –1824. Objective: To examine the role of television (TV) viewing in long-term maintenance of weight loss. Research Methods and Procedures: All subjects (N 1422) were enrolled in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a national sample of adults who have maintained a minimum weight loss of 13.6 kg for at least 1 year. Participants self-reported the average number of hours of weekly TV viewing at entry into the NWCR and at a 1-year follow-up. Cross-sectional and prospective analyses were performed to determine the frequency of TV viewing and the extent to which TV viewing was independently associated with weight regain over the 1-year of follow-up. Results: A relatively high proportion (62.3%) of participants reported watching 10 or fewer hours of TV per week on entry in the NWCR. More than one third of the sample (36.1%) reported watching 5 h/wk, whereas only 12.4% watched 21 h/wk, which contrasts markedly from the national average of 28 hours of TV viewing per week reported by American adults. Both baseline TV viewing (p 0.02) and increases in TV viewing (p 0.001) over the follow-up were significant predictors of 1-year weight regain, independent of physical activity and dietary behaviors. Discussion: Individuals who are successful at maintaining weight loss over the long term are likely to spend a relatively minimal amount of time watching TV. Key words: television, weight loss maintenance, National Weight Control Registry

Introduction
There is increasing recognition that sedentary behaviors, particularly television (TV)1 viewing, may play an important role in long-term weight


References: 1. United States Department of Labor. America Time-Use Survey Summary. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm (Accessed May 9, 2005). 2. Nielson Media Research. Nielson Report on Television. New York, NY: Nielson Media Research; 2000. 3. Cameron AJ, Welborn TA, Zimmet PZ, et al. Overweight and obesity in Australia: the 1999 –2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Med J Aust. 2003; 178:427–32. 4. Jakes RW, Day NE, Khaw KT, et al. Television viewing and low participation in vigorous recreation are independently associated with obesity and markers of cardiovascular disease risk: EPIC-Norfolk population-based study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:1089 –96. 5. Ching PLYH, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Gortmaker SL, Stampfer MJ. Activity level and risk of overweight in male health professionals. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:25–30. 6. Hu FB, Li TY, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 2003;289:1785–91. 7. Epstein LH, Valoski AM, Vara LS, et al. Effects of decreasing sedentary behavior and increasing activity on weight change in obese children. Health Psychol. 1995;14:109 –15. 8. Gortmaker SL, Peterson K, Wiecha J, et al. Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999; 153:409 –18. 9. Robinson TN. Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1999;282: 1561–7. 10. Epstein LH, Paluch RA, Gordy CC, Dorn J. Decreasing sedentary behaviors in treating pediatric obesity. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:220 – 6. 11. Klem ML, Wing RR, McGuire MT, Seagle H, Hill JO. A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;52: 800 –7. 12. Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO. Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obes Res. 2002;10: 78 – 82. 13. Gorin AA, Phelan S, Wing RR, Hill JO. Promoting longterm weight control: does dietary consistency matter? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2005;28:278 – 81. 14. McGuire MT, Wing RR, Klem ML, Lang W, Hill JO. What predicts weight regain in a group of successful weight losers? J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67:177– 85. 15. Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT. Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 1978;108:161–75. 16. Block G, Hartman AM, Dresser CM, Carol MD, Gannon J, Gardner L. A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;124:453– 69. 17. SPSS. SPSS for Windows, Version 11.0.1. Chicago, IL: SPSS; 2001. 18. Matheson DM, Killen JD, Wang Y, Varady A, Robinson OBESITY Vol. 14 No. 10 October 2006 1823 Television Viewing and Weight Loss Maintenance, Raynor et al. 19. 20. 21. 22. TN. Children’s food consumption during television viewing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:1088 –94. Taras HL, Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Nader PR, Nelson JA. Television’s influence on children’s diet and physical activity. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1989;10:176 – 80. Berkey CS, Rockett HRF, Field AE, et al. Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls. Pediatrics. 2000;105:56 – 64. Halford JC, Gillespie J, Brown V, Pontin EE, Dovey TM. Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children. Appetite. 2004;42:221–5. Crawford DA, Jeffery RW, French SA. Television viewing, physical inactivity, and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:437– 40. 23. Tucker LA. The relationship of television viewing to physical fitness and obesity. Adolescence. 1986;21:797– 806. 24. Robinson TN, Hammer LD, Killen JD, et al. Does television viewing increase obesity and reduce physical activity? Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses among adolescent girls. Pediatrics. 1993;91:273– 80. 25. DuRant RH, Baranowski T, Johnson M, Thompson WO. The relationship among television watching, physical activity, and body composition of young children. Pediatrics. 1994;94: 449 –55. 26. Wolf AM, Gortmaker SL, Cheung L, Gray HM, Herzog DB, Colditz GA. Activity, inactivity, and obesity: racial, ethnic, and age differences among schoolgirls. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:1625–7. 1824 OBESITY Vol. 14 No. 10 October 2006
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