Statistics
STATISTICS
HIGHER SECONDARY – FIRST YEAR
Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
College Road , Chennai- 600 006
i
©Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition – 2004 Reprinit - 2005
Chairperson Dr. J. Jothikumar Reader in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005. Thiru K.Nagabushanam
S.G.Lecturer in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005.
Reviewers Thiru R.Ravanan
S.G.Lecturer in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005.
Authors Tmt. V.Varalakshmi
S.G.Lecturer in Statistics S.D.N.B. Vaishnav College for women Chrompet, Chennai – 600 044.
Tmt. N.Suseela
P.G.Teacher Anna Adarsh Matric Hr. Sec. School Annanagar, Chennai–600 040.
Thiru G.Gnana Sundaram
P.G.Teacher S.S.V. Hr. Sec. School Parktown, Chennai – 600 003.
Tmt.S.Ezhilarasi
P.G.Teacher P.K.G.G. Hr. Sec. School Ambattur, Chennai–600 053.
Tmt. B.Indrani
P.G.Teacher P.K.G.G. Hr. Sec. School Ambattur, Chennai – 600 053.
Price: Rs. This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu. This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M paper Printed by offset at: ii
CONTENTS
Page
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Definitions, Scope and Limitations Introduction to sampling methods Collection of data, Classification and Tabulation Frequency distribution Diagramatic and graphical representation Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis Correlation Regression Index numbers
1 11 28 49 68 94 141 191 218 241
iii
1. DEFINITIONS, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Introduction: In the modern world of computers and information technology, the importance of statistics is very well recogonised by all the disciplines. Statistics has originated as a science of statehood and found applications slowly and steadily in Agriculture, Economics, Commerce, Biology, Medicine, Industry, planning, education and so on. As on date
HIGHER SECONDARY – FIRST YEAR
Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
College Road , Chennai- 600 006
i
©Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition – 2004 Reprinit - 2005
Chairperson Dr. J. Jothikumar Reader in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005. Thiru K.Nagabushanam
S.G.Lecturer in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005.
Reviewers Thiru R.Ravanan
S.G.Lecturer in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005.
Authors Tmt. V.Varalakshmi
S.G.Lecturer in Statistics S.D.N.B. Vaishnav College for women Chrompet, Chennai – 600 044.
Tmt. N.Suseela
P.G.Teacher Anna Adarsh Matric Hr. Sec. School Annanagar, Chennai–600 040.
Thiru G.Gnana Sundaram
P.G.Teacher S.S.V. Hr. Sec. School Parktown, Chennai – 600 003.
Tmt.S.Ezhilarasi
P.G.Teacher P.K.G.G. Hr. Sec. School Ambattur, Chennai–600 053.
Tmt. B.Indrani
P.G.Teacher P.K.G.G. Hr. Sec. School Ambattur, Chennai – 600 053.
Price: Rs. This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu. This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M paper Printed by offset at: ii
CONTENTS
Page
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Definitions, Scope and Limitations Introduction to sampling methods Collection of data, Classification and Tabulation Frequency distribution Diagramatic and graphical representation Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis Correlation Regression Index numbers
1 11 28 49 68 94 141 191 218 241
iii
1. DEFINITIONS, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Introduction: In the modern world of computers and information technology, the importance of statistics is very well recogonised by all the disciplines. Statistics has originated as a science of statehood and found applications slowly and steadily in Agriculture, Economics, Commerce, Biology, Medicine, Industry, planning, education and so on. As on date