for linen, bedpans, dishes and cutlery, respiratory circuits, laboratory glassware and used surgical instruments before autoclaving. In these machines the process of cleaning, hot water disinfection and drying are combined in a very effective procedure, providing some items ready for use, e.g. respiratory circuits, or safe to handle e.g. surgical instruments. The thorough initial rinsing and washing removes most of the microorganisms and shorter disinfection times may be appropriate, e.g. 70°C for 3 min, 80°C for 1 minute. If machines are used they should be regularly maintained and checked for efficacy. Low to high level disinfection is achieved depending on type of machine and complexity of the…